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• The Kano Model categorizes product features by how they affect customer satisfaction:

Exciting Attributes

• These are unexpected features that delight customers.
• Innovative mobile features can serve as an example.

Performance Attributes

• Customers actively seek these features, and more of them is generally better.
• Products that offer good value for the price are an example.

Basic Attributes

• These are essential features that customers expect as a bare minimum.

• A leak-proof milk container is an example.

• The first step in the product development process is to generate product ideas

• The final steps are manufacture, delivery, and use.

• New concepts are brainstormed from external and internal resources during the product idea generation phase of project development.

• Internal sources for product ideas include management such as marketing, management, research and development (R&D), and employee suggestions.

• Industry experts are an external source for product ideas; and include customers, industry experts, consultants, competitors, suppliers, and inventors.

• R&D-generated ideas differ from marketing-generated ideas because the former builds on existing designs.

• During the technology selection for product development stage, preliminary work identifies key quality characteristics and potential variability of materials.

• The product marketing and supply chain preparation stage requires designing aftersales processes like maintenance, warranties, and repairs, after the customer owns the product.

• Product design and evaluation involves defining the product architecture, design, production, testing of subassemblies, and system testing for production.

• PDS stands for Product Design Specification.

• The manufacturing system design stage selects process technologies for low-cost, high-quality products.

• Manufacture, delivery, and use constitute the final stage of the product development process.

• Geometric modeling develops a computer-compatible mathematical description of a part.

• Engineering analysis uses heat-transfer calculations, stress calculations, or differential equations to determine a system's dynamic behavior.

• Interference checking examines a design to ensure different components don't occupy the same physical space.

• Group technology is a CAD system component used for cataloging and standardizing parts and components in complex products.

• Concurrent engineering refers to performing all design process steps simultaneously.

• Concurrent engineering is a primary component of teams, comprised of people from various disciplines; it involves product and process design steps occuring simultaneously

• Product variety refers to the differences in products that are produced and marketed by a single firm at any given time.

• Change measures the magnitude of the differences in a product when measured at two different times.

• Complementary products are new products using similar technologies that can coexist in a family of products.

• Design for manufacture focuses on designing products that will be cost-effective and simple to build.

• Designing for simplicity involves standardizing parts, modularizing, and using as few parts as possible in a design.

• The Over-the-wall syndrome refers to the design difficulties that arise when different types of engineers work in totally different departments.

• Enterprise resource planning systems integrate financial, planning, and control systems into a single architecture.

• Layering is performed during design review by overlaying the geometric images of the final shape of a part over the image of a rough casting.

• Product idea generation is the first step in the project development process.

• Industry experts are external sources for product ideas, not research and development.

• Industry experts are external sources for product ideas. TRUE

• Marketing-generated ideas tend to be not groundbreaking, risky, and technologically innovative as compared to R&D-generated is false.

• R&D-generated ideas tend to be groundbreaking, risky, and technologically innovative.

• R&D-generated ideas tend to be more incremental, not more incremental, or built upon existing designs, and are better aligned with customer needs than marketing-generated ideas

• Technology development for product selection involves identifying key quality characteristics and potential for variability with each of the different materials is false and it should be product.

• During technology selection for product development, preliminary work can be performed to identify key quality characteristics and potential for variability with each of the different materials.

• Manufacturing system design selects the process technologies for low-cost, high-quality products.

• Geometric modeling develops a a computer-compatible mathematical description of a part; which is not hand-drawn.

• Examining a design to see if different components in a product occupy the same space is called interference checking.

• Automated drafting results in the creation of a final drawing of the designed product and its components.

• The group technology component of the CAD system allows for the cataloging and standardization of parts and components for complex products; and is not multilevel prototyping.

• Computer-aided inspection uses infrared and noncontact sensors.

• Concurrent engineering refers to the performance of all the design process steps simultaneously, not reengineering.

• Concurrent engineering leads to increased interaction with the customer.

• Product variety and change become much more important to a successful competitor.

• Variety refers to the differences in products that are produced and marketed by a single firm at any given time.

• Change measures the magnitude of the differences in a product when measured at two different times.

• Similar technologies that can coexist in a family of products; and is not different, are used for complementary products.

• Design for manufacture means to design products so that they are cost-effective and simple to build.

• The over-the-wall syndrome refers to design difficulties and increased design cycle times due to organizational problems.

• The over-the-wall syndrome is demonstrated by looking at the design process sequentially.

• Design for manufacture methods reduces cycle times; and are not designed to radically increase it.

• Enterprise resource planning systems are used to integrate financial, planning, and control systems into a single architecture.

• The nine phases of a product development process are:

  • Product idea generation
  • Customer future needs projection
  • Technology selection for product development
  • Technology development for process selection
  • Final product definition
  • Product marketing and supply chain preparation
  • Product design and evaluation
  • Manufacturing system design
  • Product manufacture, delivery, and use

• Multiuser CAD systems allow multiple designers in locations worldwide to concurrently work on a design via a common database in a network.

• Geometric Design: Creates 2D and 3D models of parts.

• Engineering Analysis: Performs tests like stress and heat-transfer calculations.

• Mass Properties Analysis: Automatically calculates weight, volume, and center of gravity.

• Interference checking ensures that different components do not occupy the same space.

  • Example: In aircraft design, it ensures the correct fit of pipes and wires within aircraft walls, averting design conflicts and ensuring feasibility.

• The group technology component of a CAD system facilitates the cataloging and standardization of parts and components for complex products.

• Explain concurrent engineering and state its benefits.

  • Sequential design processes are time-intensive; therefore, concurrent engineering performs steps simultaneously to speed up the design life cycle.
  • Communication, speed, fewer mistakes, and reduced time to market are the primary advantages.
  • Cross-fertilization of ideas is enhanced via the team concept joining people from various disciplines.
  • Benefits via increased interaction with the customer; customer feedback for product designs.

• Complementary products are new products using similar technologies that can coexist in a family of products:

  • Reasons: product obsolescence requires updates, and some counter seasonal products have seasonal demand necessitating counter seasonal products.

• Design for Manufacture (DFM): Ensuring products are cost-effective and easy to build.

• Design for Reliability: Creating stable and dependable products.

• Design for Simplicity: Standardizing parts, modularizing, and minimizing components.

• The over-the-wall syndrome stems from poor communication between product design and process design engineers, often due to departmental separation. This lack of collaboration leads to inefficiencies and misunderstandings in product development

• The Product Data Management (PDM) tool tracks and organizes design, manufacturing, and support data, ensuring efficient collaboration, version control, and streamlined workflows, and is crucial for managing product data and the development process.

• QFD stands for Quality Function Deployment.

• Quality function deployment describes a method for translating customer requirements into functional design.

• The first step in performing quality function deployment is to develop a list of customer requirements.

• The absolute weight of a customer requirement is calculated by multiplying its importance, target value, and sales point value if it is associated with a technical requirement

  • Example: Importance=6, Target Value=3, Sales Point Value=2: Absolute weight=36.

• Example of calculation of absolute weights for a particular customer requirements, and associations with technical requirements:

  • importance of 3, a target value of 5, and a sales point value of 2. The absolute weight of this customer requirement is 30
  • importance of 3, a target value of 1, and a sales point value of 3. The absolute weight of this customer requirement is 9
  • importance of 9, a target value of 3, and a sales point value of 1. The absolute weight of this customer requirement is 27

• The value for the absolute weight with regards to the prioritization of technical requirements in Quality Function Deployment is the sum of the products of the relationship between customer and technical requirements and the importance to the customer columns whereas, the value for relative weight is the sum of the products of the relationship between customer requirements and technical requirements and the customer requirements absolute weights.

• Quality function deployment (QFD) describes a method for translating customer requirements into functional design.

• Quality function deployment (QFD) describes a method for translating with is sometimes referred to as the voice of the customer, customer requirements into functional design it also requires the following steps:

  -Develop a listing of technical design elements along the roof of the house -Demonstrate the relationships between the customer requirements and technical design elements. -Identify the correlations between design elements in the roof of the house. -Perform a competitive assessment of the customer requirements. -Prioritize customer requirements. -Prioritize technical requirements. -Final evaluation.

• Reliability is defined as the propensity for a part to fail over a given time. (Component)

• The the term, reliability, refers to probability that a system of components will perform the intended function over a specified product life. (System Computed from the aggregation of multiple components)

• The Consumer Product Safety Commission was created by Congress in 1972 to protect citizens from unreasonable risks of injury and death due to defective products or components.

• Fault-tree analysis is an analytical tool that graphically renders the combination of faults that lead to failure in a system.

• Design for maintainability includes design concepts such as easily replaceable components, safe maintenance, and nondestructive disassembly.

• Designing for simplicity means standardizing parts, modularizing, and using as few parts as possible in a design; not design for reliability.

• Not system reliability, but component reliabilityis defined as the propensity for a part to fail over a given time.

• Not component, but system reliability is computed from the aggregation of multiple components.

• Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) systematically considers each component of a system, identifying, analyzing, and documenting the possible failure modes within that system and the effects of each failure on the system. It is a bottom-up analysis; and is not Fault-tree analysis.

• Not increases, but limitproduct traceability product liability relating to safety hazards.

• Not system, but component reliability is defined as the propensity for a part to fail over a given time.

• Not component, but system reliability refers to the probability that a system of components will perform the intended function over a specified product.

• The levels of measurement are different for system and compontent reliability.

• The first step in failure modes and effects analysis is to assign each component an identifier.

• The final step in failure modes and effects analysis is to eliminate or reduce highest risks.

• Criticality refers to how often a failure will occur, how easy it is to diagnose, and whether it can be fixed.

• Failure modes and effects analysis begins at the lowest level of detail to which the system is designed and works upward; and not at the highest.

• Failure modes and effects analysis results in reduction in product development cost.

• Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis helps design team should be spending its resources.

• The benefits of using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) include: -Improvement of the safety, quality, and reliability of products -Improvement of a company's image and its competitiveness -Increased satisfaction from a user standpoint -Reduction in product development cost -Record of actions taken to reduce a product risk -Assign each component an identifier. -List functions for each part. -List one or two failure modes for each function. -Describe effects of each failure mode. -Determine hazard likelihood and categorize. -Estimate likelihood of failure. -Estimate failure detection. -Identify highest risks.

• Green manufacturing minimizes waste and pollution.

• The life-cycle approach to product design has led to design for reuse, design for disassembly, and design for remanufacture.

• The move to green manufacturing began in Germany.

• A major goal of product traceability and recall procedures is to trace products with a minimum cost.

• Principles for design for disassembly include using fewer parts and fewer materials, and using snap fits instead of screws.

• "True" - A method of manufacturing that minimizes waste and pollution is referred to as green manufacturing.

• Design for reuse refers to designing products so they can be used in later generations of products where Design for disassembly is where the principles for include using fewer parts and fewer materials, using snap-fits instead of screws. making assembly efficient and improving disposal, using design for disassembly experts in concurrent design teams, and eliminating waste through better design.

• The principles for design for disassembly include using fewer parts and fewer materials, and using snap fits instead of screws is true, and not reuse.