Circulatory System II Quiz

Circulatory System II

• Venules have the lowest pressure.
• The aorta emerges from the left ventricle.
• It moves upward, then curves downward.
• Parts of the aorta are:
  • Ascending aorta
  • Aortic arch
  • Descending aorta
• The descending aorta is divided into thoracic and abdominal sections, and the location depends on the region.
• The aortic arch curves to the left, like an inverted U, superior to the heart.
• It gives off three major arteries in the order:
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery

Great Vessels

• The aorta is the largest artery, originating from the heart.
• It carries oxygenated blood to the body.
• The aorta branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to different body parts.
• All systemic arteries are direct or indirect branches of the aorta. -The highest level of the aorta is located near the heart, with the longest portion of the aorta extending to areas of the body.

Arterial Branches

• The brachiocephalic trunk branches to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery; the left common and left subclavian arteries are separate branches.
• The subclavian artery becomes the axillary, then the brachial, and continues as ulnar and radial arteries.
• The brachial artery terminates by branching into the ulnar and radial arteries.
• Coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta.

Terminations of the Aorta

• The aorta terminates by giving two terminal branches at the level of the L4 vertebra in the abdomen, the bifurcation of the aorta.
• The bifurcation is where the aorta divides into the right and left common iliac arteries.

Right Common Iliac Artery

• This artery provides blood to the right side of the pelvis and lower limb.

Left Common Iliac Artery

• This artery provides blood to the left side of the pelvis and lower limb.

Popliteal Artery

• The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it reaches the knee.
• The popliteal artery branches into anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

Veins of the upper limb

• Superficial veins are closer to the skin. Deep veins are closer to muscles.
• The radial and ulnar veins unite to form the brachial vein.
• The brachial vein becomes the axillary vein.
• The axillary vein turns into the subclavian vein after passing under the clavicle.
• The superficial veins of the upper limb are generally named the same as the arteries.

Veins of the lower limb

• The superficial veins of the lower limb are the great saphenous and small saphenous veins.
• The great saphenous vein opens into the femoral vein and the small saphenous vein empties into the popliteal vein.
• Deep veins: the anterior and posterior tibial veins and the fibular veins.
• These veins empty into the popliteal vein, which becomes the femoral vein in the thigh region.

Intravenous Injection (IV)

• Different angles of insertion are used for various injection types, with 90° for intramuscular, 45° for subcutaneous, 25° for intravenous, and 10-15° for intradermal.
• A tourniquet and clean puncture site are necessary for IV procedures.