Human Anatomy Quiz - Circulatory System

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Questions and Answers

At which vertebra does the aorta begin its journey down the body?

10th thoracic vertebra

12th thoracic vertebra (correct)

1st lumbar vertebra

4th lumbar vertebra

Which vein has a larger diameter than the aorta?

Portal vein

Femoral vein

Hepatic veins

IVC (correct)

What is the common pathology of the aorta?

Thrombosis

Varicosity

Aneurysm (correct)

Embolism

What percentage of blood entering the liver is supplied by the portal vein?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal maximum diameter of the portal vein?

13 mm Signup and view all the answers

What type of flow does the portal vein exhibit as seen on color Doppler?

Hepatopetal flow Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with thrombosis in the venous system?

Lower legs edema Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT part of the bunny sign?

Right hepatic vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of proximal renal artery stenosis?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flow is characterized by RBCs moving at different velocities?

Turbulent flow Signup and view all the answers

What does the sandwich sign in ultrasound indicate regarding arterial positions?

SMA is the upper bread and the aorta is the lower Signup and view all the answers

Which artery directly supplies blood to the ovaries or testes?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between the SMA and aorta?

15 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is usually absent in any aneurysm's spectral window on pulse wave?

Spectral window Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of lumbar arteries in the human body?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding aortic diameter is correct?

Aortic diameter is measured from the outer edge Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Peak Systolic Velocities of Arteries

Normal velocities for all arteries are 80-120 cm/sec.
On stenosis, SMA velocity is 230 cm/sec.
On stenosis, renal artery velocity is 180 cm/sec.

Proximal and Distal Renal Artery Stenosis

Proximal renal artery stenosis is due to [unspecified factors].
Distal renal artery stenosis is due to [unspecified factors].

Resistance and Velocities in Arteries

High resistance is associated with low velocities.
Low resistance is associated with high velocities.

Aneurysm Causes

True and pseudo aneurysms are caused by injury and previous surgeries.
Pseudo aneurysms are caused by injury and prior surgery.

Dissecting Aneurysm Complications

Focal aneurysm is the most common true aneurysm.

Aneurysm Spectral Window

For any aneurysm, the spectral window on the pulse wave is absent.

Blood Flow Types in Arteries

Laminar flow: Pulsatile flow, red color.
Turbulent flow: Red and blue color.

Phasic Flow in Veins

Phasic flow is characteristic of veins, appearing blue.

RBC Velocity in Blood Vessels

Red blood cells (RBCs) move at equal velocities in the center of a blood vessel.
In turbulent flow, RBCs move at different velocities.

Sea Gull Sign Components

The three components in the sea gull sign are CA, CHA, and SA.
CHA (common hepatic artery) goes towards the liver.
SA (splenic artery) goes towards the spleen.

Branches of the Common Hepatic Artery

CHA's first branch is GDA (gastroduodenal artery).
CHA is also a common hepatic artery.
SA (splenic artery) is also a part of this.

Lymph Nodes on Ultrasound

Lymph nodes are not typically seen on normal ultrasounds.

Sandwich Sign Arteries

SMA (superior mesenteric artery) is the upper bread in the sandwich sign.
Aorta is the lower bread.

Lymph Nodes in Ultrasound

Lymph nodes are visible in ultrasound scans during infection, inflammation, and abdominal lymphadenopathy.

Iliac and Femoral Arteries

External and internal iliac arteries enter the inguinal canal and become femoral arteries (right and left).
Internal iliacs are also called hypogastric arteries.

Aortic and Kidney Arteries

Ovaries and testes receive blood directly from the aorta.
Kidneys have their own arteries.
Anterior and lateral branches include CA, SMA, IMA, and posterior branches include lumbar and sacral arteries.
Right renal artery is lower and longer than the left renal artery.

Lumbar Arteries

There are 8 lumbar arteries (4 pairs on each side: right and left).
The appendicular artery is a branch of SMA (superior mesenteric artery).

SMA and Aorta Angle

SMA and aorta create a 15-degree angle.
They are parallel and approximately 2cm apart.

Celiac Artery Supply

Celiac artery (CA) supplies blood to the liver, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder.
But it does not supply the intestines.

Aortic Ectasia

Aortic ectasia is the condition where the aorta begins to dilate.
It is the beginning of aortic aneurysm.

Aortic Measurement Accuracy

AP diameter and width (side to side) measurements, measured as AP, are more accurate.
Outer measurements for the aorta are also important.

Aortic Diameter

Aortic diameter is the same at 2.5 cm or 25mm.

Aorta and the Transducer

As the aorta travels down the body, the diameter decreases and it moves away from the transducer (it moves further from the transducer) so that the aorta is now closer to the spine.

Aorta and IVC Location

The aorta lies to the left of the spine and IVC is on the right.

Aorta Pathology

Common aorta pathology is aneurysm.

Blood Supply and Drainage

Veins drain and arteries supply.

Aorta Location and Termination

The aorta begins at the twelfth thoracic vertebra and ends at the fourth lumbar vertebra.

IVC and Tributaries

IVC (inferior vena cava) diameter is greater than the aorta.
The right and left iliac vessels combine to form the IVC at the 5th lumbar vertebra.

Portal Confluence and Portal Vein

The location of the portal confluence (where the portal vein originates).
The main portal vein runs obliquely into the liver.

Portal Vein Branches

The right portal vein has anterior and posterior branches.
The left portal vein branches are medial and lateral.

Portal Vein Image Placement

The portal vein is posterior to the common bile duct and the common hepatic artery on a sagittal image.

Mickey Mouse Sign and Color Doppler

The portal vein shows the Mickey Mouse sign in transabdominal ultrasound imaging.
The common hepatic artery (CHA) is red on color Doppler.
The common bile duct (CBD) and the portal vein are also red on color Doppler.

Hepatic Vein Flow

Hepatofugal flow (flow away from the liver) in hepatic veins appears blue on color Doppler.
Hepatopetal flow (flow towards the liver) is in the portal vein and is red on color Doppler.

Portal Vein Diameter

Normal portal vein diameter is 13 mm or 1.3 cm, or less.
Anything larger than this indicates portal hypertension.

Portal Vein Signs

Fish tail sign is associated with RPV (right portal vein), and T sign with LPV (left portal vein).
MPV (main portal vein) + CBD (common bile duct) + CHA (common hepatic artery) form the mickey mouse sign.

Percentage of Blood

70% of the blood flow to the liver is through the portal vein.

Hepatic Arteries

The remaining 30% of blood flow to the liver is supplied by the hepatic arteries.
Portal vein blood is nutrient-rich, originating from the intestines.
Hepatic arteries are oxygen-rich.
Hepatic veins carry deoxygenated blood.

Venous Blood Flow

Venous blood flow involves the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), inferior mesenteric vein (IMV), right and left portal veins, hepatic veins, and the inferior vena cava (IVC),
Involving the right side of the heart.

Bunny Sign Components

IVC, middle hepatic vein, and the left hepatic vein are components of the bunny sign.
Rt hepatic vein is not a part of the bunny sign.

Hepatic Vein Waveform

Hepatic vein waveforms are triphasic and below the baseline, without pulsatilities, on pulsed wave (PW).

IVC Pathology

Common IVC pathology is thrombus, while common aorta pathology is aneurysm.

Renal Vein Drainage

Left renal veins drain into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Right renal veins drain into the IVC.
Left renal veins drain the gonads, adrenals, and kidneys,

Thrombus Symptoms

Common symptoms of thrombus include lower extremity leg edema and subcutaneous hemorrhages.

Caput Medusae

Caput Medusae refers to dilated veins around the umbilicus.
This is associated with portal hypertension and ascites.

Portal Hypertension Spleen Enlargement

With portal hypertension, the spleen enlarges. This is confirmed with a yes, it is enlarged.

Portal Flow Direction

In portal hypertension, the flow of blood away from the liver (hepatofugal flow) is seen.

Maythurner Syndrome

Maythurner syndrome affects the left side.

Common Iliac Artery Compression

The right common iliac artery can compress the left common iliac vein.

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal vein thrombosis can cause enlargement of the kidneys, gonads, and adrenals on the affected side.

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Obstruction in the hepatic vein results in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Suprahepatic Flow Obstruction

If hepatic veins fail to drain into the IVC, this is a suprahepatic obstruction.
Color Doppler shows no blood flow and no PW.

Infrahepatic Flow Obstruction

If the IVC on the right side of the heart fails to drain, it's an infrahepatic obstruction .
Color Doppler shows both color flow and PW.

Ultrasound Image Components

An ultrasound image shows the liver, gallbladder, common bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery, and IVC(inferior vena cava) and aorta.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the human circulatory system with this quiz. From the journey of the aorta to the portal vein's characteristics, explore various aspects and common pathologies. Assess your understanding of anatomy and physiology through these targeted questions.