Circulatory System II
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Questions and Answers

What is the heart sound associated with the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves known as?

  • S2 (correct)
  • S1
  • Lub
  • Dub
  • Which condition is characterized by uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions due to a defect in the conduction system?

  • Atrial flutter
  • Atrial fibrillation (correct)
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • Sinus arrhythmia
  • Which component of the electrocardiogram is the result of ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction?

  • T wave
  • QRS complex (correct)
  • P wave
  • U wave
  • What can happen in ventricular fibrillation that makes it more life-threatening?

    <p>Ventricles pump without filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of defibrillation?

    <p>To shock the heart back into a normal rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During depolarization in the heart, the potential moves ________.

    <p>from RMP to less negative values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which node in the heart acts as the pacemaker and controls the electrical impulses for contraction?

    <p>Sinoatrial node (SA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of diastole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Filling the chambers with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, what happens to the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

    <p>They open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during systole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Expulsion of blood from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of electrical impulse propagation through the heart?

    <p>SA node → atria → AV node → Bundle of His → AV bundle branches → Purkinje fibres → ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate time taken for the electrical impulses to travel from the SA node to the Purkinje fibres?

    <p>220 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?

    <p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart sound associated with the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves during ventricular systole?

    <p>S1 or 'lub'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular repolarization?

    <p>T wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates atrial systole in the heart?

    <p>SA node excitation leading to atrial depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart experiences depolarization indicated by the P wave on an ECG?

    <p>Atrial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the delay at the AV node for approximately 0.1 second?

    <p>To ensure full contraction of the atria for complete emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the AV bundle branches located in the heart?

    <p>Within the septum of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What follows the excitation of the SA node in the heart's electrical conduction system?

    <p>Depolarization of atrial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal cardiac output in liters per minute in a healthy individual?

    <p>5.25 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe abnormal heart sounds?

    <p>Heart murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a high pitched sound or a click to be heard in the case of a stenotic valve?

    <p>Narrowed valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor maintains cardiac output when stroke volume declines due to factors like decreased blood volume or weakened heart?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor determining stroke volume in the heart's pumping cycle?

    <p>End diastolic volume (EDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the nervous system increases heart rate?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes preload in relation to the cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>The degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does anything that increases end-diastolic volume (EDV) have on stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>Increases SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an extrinsic control of stroke volume?

    <p>Thyroid hormones increasing force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to measure ejection fraction in cardiac function evaluation?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arterioles?

    <p>To regulate blood flow to capillaries through vasodilation and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the magnitude of the pulse pressure?

    <p>Stroke volume and speed of ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about arterial compliance is true?

    <p>Venous compliance is approximately 30 times larger than arterial compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arteries?

    <p>To act as pressure reservoirs due to their elastic recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the radio-opaque contrast material injected during cardiac catheterization?

    <p>To evaluate cardiac function and identify narrowed coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in arterial compliance?

    <p>Increased pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the vascular system?

    <p>Venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure called?

    <p>Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the vascular system is true?

    <p>The amount of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells varies between arteries and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

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