Circulation and Respiration Chapter 24 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primary function does the circulatory system serve in addition to transporting gases and nutrients?

Filtering blood

Regulating body temperature (correct)

Storing nutrients

Regulating digestion

What is primarily responsible for the transport of blood throughout the body?

Platelets

The heart (correct)

Lymphatic vessels

White blood cells

In what sequence does blood flow through the circulatory system starting from the heart?

Heart → Veins → Arterioles

Heart → Arterioles → Capillaries → Arteries

Heart → Capillaries → Veins

Heart → Arteries → Capillaries → Venules → Veins (correct)

What is the key characteristic of capillaries compared to other blood vessels?

They connect arterioles and venules. Signup and view all the answers

How do vertebrates retain heat in cold environments?

Through countercurrent heat exchange Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What role does the circulatory system play in protection?

It protects against foreign microbes and toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of arteries compared to veins?

Arteries have a higher blood pressure compared to veins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between open and closed circulatory systems?

In open systems, the circulating fluid is not separated from the extracellular fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are known to possess a closed circulatory system?

Earthworms and vertebrates Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the circulating fluid in an open circulatory system?

Hemolymph Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of arteries in a closed circulatory system?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

They facilitate gas and nutrient exchange. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an open circulatory system?

There are open-ended channels for fluid circulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the circulatory system?

Transportation of nutrients and gases Signup and view all the answers

In which type of organism would simple diffusion likely be sufficient for oxygen and nutrient exchange?

Cnidarians Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a monocyte in blood?

3 days Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell is a precursor of plasma cells?

B lymphocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of eosinophils?

Unknown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T lymphocytes?

Cellular immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood is involved in the initial response to inflammation?

Basophil Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a monocyte in blood?

Immune surveillance Signup and view all the answers

How long do platelets typically live in the bloodstream?

7 to 8 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

To separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does air pass through first when entering the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity Signup and view all the answers

How does air enter the lungs during inhalation?

By creating negative pressure in the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during exhalation in the respiratory process?

The diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity decreases in volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

To facilitate the exchange of gases with the blood Signup and view all the answers

What causes air to flow outward during exhalation?

Higher pressure in the lungs than in the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system houses the vocal cords?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

What protein is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the contraction of the atria in the heart?

Sinoatrial (SA) node Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node in heart contraction?

To delay the electrical signal Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for the almost simultaneous contraction of the ventricles?

Bundle of His Signup and view all the answers

How can the electrical activity of the heart be measured?

With an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of respiration in most animals?

Uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of respiratory organs do more advanced animal phyla possess?

Gills, tracheae, and lungs Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the signal from the SA node spread to the ventricles?

After passing through the AV node Signup and view all the answers

Which structure carries the electrical signal to the ventricles after the AV node?

Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the human heart?

To distribute oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which valves are associated with the 'Lub' sound in the heart?

Bicuspid and tricuspid valves. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the flow of blood returning from the lungs to the heart?

Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins. Signup and view all the answers

What is measured using a sphygmomanometer?

Blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes diastolic pressure?

The low pressure when the atria are filling. Signup and view all the answers

Where does blood go after it leaves the right ventricle?

To the lungs via the pulmonary valve. Signup and view all the answers

What is a heart murmur indicative of?

Valves not fully closing. Signup and view all the answers

What does the aorta do?

Distributes oxygenated blood to the body. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Circulation and Respiration

Learning changes everything.

Chapter 24 Outline

Circulation and Respiration
Essentials of the Living World, Seventh Edition
Authors: George Johnson, Joel Bergh

24.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

Unicellular protists obtain oxygen and nutrients through simple diffusion.
Cnidarians and flatworms have cells that are directly exposed to the external environment or a gastrovascular cavity.
Large animals have tissues several cell layers thick, making surface exchange inefficient.
Oxygen and nutrients are transported from the environment/digestive cavity to body cells via an internal circulatory system.
Two main types of circulatory systems exist: open and closed.

24.1 Open Circulatory Systems

No distinction between circulating fluid (blood) and extracellular fluid (body tissues).
This fluid is called hemolymph.
Insects have a muscular tube (heart) that pumps hemolymph through a network of open-ended channels.

24.1 Closed Circulatory Systems

Circulating fluid (blood) is always enclosed within blood vessels.
Annelids (like earthworms) and vertebrates have closed circulatory systems.
Blood travels away from the heart through arteries.
Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs through thin-walled capillaries.
Blood returns to the heart through veins.

Figure 24.1: Circulatory Systems in the Animal Kingdom

Illustrates three types of circulatory systems found in animals.
Shows examples of gastrovascular cavity (planaria), open circulation (insect), and closed circulation (earthworm).

24.1 Function of the Circulatory System

Transportation: Gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones are transported.
Regulation: Cardiovascular system regulates body temperature; vertebrates use countercurrent heat exchange to regulate body temperature in cold environments.
Protection: System protects against injury and foreign microbes or toxins.

Figure 24.2: Countercurrent Heat Exchange

Illustrates countercurrent heat exchange in an animal as a mechanism for regulating body temperature.
Warm blood in the arteries warms the cold blood in the veins within a capillary bed.

24.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System

The system comprises three elements: heart, blood vessels, blood.
The heart is a muscular pump that pushes blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels are a network of tubes through which blood moves.
Blood is the fluid that circulates through the vessels.

24.2 Blood Flow in Vertebrate Systems

Blood leaves the heart via arteries.
Blood moves into smaller arterioles.
Tiny capillaries connect arterioles to venules (small veins).
Venules and then veins carry blood back to the heart.

Figure 24.3: Blood Flow in the Circulatory System

Illustrates the flow of blood, starting with arteries, moving through smaller arterioles and capillaries and back to the heart via venules, and then veins.

24.2 Capillary Structure

Capillaries have the largest total cross-sectional area of any other blood vessel type.
Capillary beds can open or close based on tissue physiological needs.

Figure 24.4: Capillary Network

The network connects arteries with veins.
Precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow through capillary beds.

24.2 Artery Structure

Arteries are more than simple pipes.
They need to expand with the pressure caused by heart contractions.
Arterial walls contain several layers, including endothelial cells, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle surrounded by connective tissue.

Figure 24.5a: Artery Structure

Illustrates the layered structure of an artery, highlighting the different tissue layers.

24.2 Capillary Function

Capillaries are the site of material exchange between the blood and body cells.
Capillaries are narrow and have thin walls to facilitate exchange.
Almost all cells in the vertebrate body are within 100 micrometers of a capillary.

Figure 24.5b: Capillary Structure

Illustrates the structure of a capillary.

24.2 Vein Function

Veins return blood to the heart.
Vein walls are thinner due to lower blood pressure as compared to arteries.
Veins have unidirectional valves to prevent backflow.

Figure 24.5c: Vein Structure

Shows the structure of blood vessels in detail, emphasizing the layers in a vein.

24.2 Blood Plasma

Blood plasma is a complex water solution of various dissolved substances.
Metabolites and wastes (e.g., glucose, vitamins, hormones) are dissolved in the plasma.
Salts and ions (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate) are dissolved in the plasma.
Proteins help maintain water balance in the plasma.
Serum albumin maintains osmotic balance; other proteins include antibodies, globulins, and fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting).

Figure 24.9: Fibrin Threads

Illustrates the presence of fibrin, a protein crucial for blood clotting.

24.3 Blood Cells

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets comprise the cellular components of blood.
Hematocrit is the fraction of blood volume occupied by red blood cells (generally ~45% in humans).
Red blood cells resemble flat disks.
The interior is packed with hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

24.3 Red blood Cells

Red blood cells are short-lived and replaced in the bone marrow.

24.3 White Blood Cells

They are colorless and contain no hemoglobin; diverse cells responsible for the immune system.

24.3 Platelets

Platelets are cell fragments from megakaryocytes (large cells in the bone marrow) crucial for blood clotting.

Figure 24.10: Types of Blood Cells

Chart exhibiting different types of blood cells, their life spans, and functions.

24.4 Human Circulatory System

Humans and other mammals have a four-chambered heart with two complete pumping circuits.
One side pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen; other side distributes oxygenated blood to the body.

24.4 Left Ventricle Function

Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Blood flows passively to the left ventricle via the bicuspid (mitral) valve.

24.4 Aorta

The thick-walled left ventricle contracts, sending oxygenated blood through the large artery called the aorta, distributing outwards into the body.

24.4 Right Ventricle Function

Blood travels through the body via vena cavae, then to the right atrium.
Blood moves from right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
Right ventricle contracts, pushing blood through the pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries (leading to the lungs).

Figure 24.11: The Heart and Circulation in Humans

Shows the human heart's anatomy, including blood flow through the chambers and major vessels.

24.4 Heartbeat Monitoring

Listening with a stethoscope: "Lub" (bikuspid and tricuspid valves closing -start of ventricular contraction); "Dub" (pulmonary and aortic valves closing- end of ventricular contraction).
Heart murmurs indicate valve dysfunction.

24.4 Blood Pressure Monitoring

Measurements made using a sphygmomanometer on the brachial artery.
Systolic pressure (high) is recorded during ventricular contraction; diastolic pressure (low) is recorded during atrial filling.

Figure 24.12: Measuring Blood Pressure

Diagram illustrates how blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope.

24.4 Heart Contraction

Heart contraction involves coordinated muscular contractions (atria followed by ventricles).
Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) initiates each heartbeat in the right atrium wall.

24.4 Heart Signal Transmission

The signal from SA node delays for 0.1 sec through the atrioventricular (AV) node before reaching ventricles for contraction.

24.4 Electrical Conduction of the Ventricles

Signal travels through the Bundle of His.
Signal is then transferred to Purkinje fibers generating almost simultaneous contraction across the ventricles.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) captures electrical activity of the heart.

Figure 24.13: Mammalian Heart Contraction

Illustration showing steps in mammalian heart contraction, indicating the sequence of events.

24.5 Respiratory Systems

Respiration is the uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
Most primitive animal phyla obtain oxygen directly from the environment by diffusion.
More advanced phyla possess specific respiratory organs (e.g., gills, tracheae, lungs).

Figure 24.14: Gas Exchange in Animals

Diagram illustrating organisms using gills (fish), tracheae (insects), or lungs (mammals) for gas exchange.

24.6 Human Respiratory System: Introduction

Lungs are adaptations for terrestrial habitat in mammals.
A pair of lungs lies within the thoracic cavity.

24.6 Human Respiratory System: Airflow

Air flows through nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe).
Air travels through bronchi (in lungs), then to bronchioles.
Bronchioles lead to alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

Figure 24.15: Human Respiratory System

Diagram showing anatomy of the human respiratory system, from external structures like the nasal cavity to internal structures like alveoli.

24.6 Human Respiratory System: Mechanisms

Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.
Lungs are covered by pleural membranes.
Pleural membranes adhere to thoracic cavity to couple lungs to the thoracic walls.
Air drawn into lungs by negative pressure.

24.6 Human Respiratory System: Breathing

Inhalation: Muscular contractions expanding the chest cavity and diaphragm creating lower pressure in lungs causing air flow inward.
Exhalation: Ribs and diaphragm return to their resting positions, increasing lung pressure and expelling air.

24.7 How Respiration Works - Gas Exchange

Oxygen carried in blood by hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin contains iron enabling reversible binding to oxygen.

Figure 24.16: Hemoglobin Molecule

Shows hemoglobin's structure and how oxygen binds.

24.7 Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport

High oxygen levels at the lung cause hemoglobin molecules to carry a full load of O2.
Low oxygen levels in tissues cause hemoglobin to release oxygen.
CO2 presence in hemoglobin alters shape aiding oxygen release.

24.7 Carbon Dioxide Transport

CO2 is transported by blood in various ways; about 8% dissolves in the plasma.
20% binds to hemoglobin (different site than oxygen).
Remaining 72% diffuses into red blood cells to maintain gradient enabling CO2 exit the tissues and into the plasma.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Chapter 24 of 'Essentials of the Living World' by George Johnson and Joel Bergh. This chapter focuses on the principles of circulation and respiration, exploring open and closed circulatory systems in various organisms. Challenge yourself with questions that dig deep into the workings of these essential life processes.