Circulation and Gas Exchange Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

  • To provide insulation for axons (correct)
  • To enhance muscle contraction
  • To facilitate synaptic cleft formation
  • To transmit neurotransmitters efficiently

    • Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory functions in the autonomic nervous system?

  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrine (correct)

    • What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier during an action potential?

  • Neurotransmitter release happens
  • Neuronal electrical insulation is decreased
  • Myelination increases
  • Ion exchange occurs, leading to action potential propagation (correct)

    • How does dopamine contribute to the effects seen in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Lack of dopamine results in motor skill impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is directly linked to muscle rigidity and slowness of movement in Parkinson’s disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes metabotropic receptors in chemical synapses?

    <p>They activate G-protein signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Excessive movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biogenic amine neurotransmitter can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending on the brain region?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does wider axon diameter have on action potential conduction?

    <p>Increases conduction speed for rapid responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

    <p>It encourages the neuron to reach the action potential threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses?

    <p>To transmit signals across the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neuromuscular conditions like myotonia impact muscle function?

    <p>They impair muscle relaxation due to sodium channel mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the action potential in a neuron?

    <p>A sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of neurotransmitter binding to the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>It can create either EPSP or IPSP depending on the type of neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between action potential frequency and signal strength?

    <p>Greater signal strength correlates with more action potentials fired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the axon hillock in the neuron?

    <p>It integrates signals and initiates action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do microglia serve in the nervous system?

    <p>They act as the first line of active immune defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a graded potential reaches the threshold potential of approximately -55mV?

    <p>Sodium channels begin to open, resulting in action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ion channels respond to a change in membrane potential?

    <p>Voltage-gated ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which neurotransmitters act at chemical synapses?

    <p>Release of neurotransmitters to bind to chemically-gated channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hyperpolarization in a neuron?

    <p>Opening of gated K+ channels allowing potassium efflux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle contraction?

    <p>Acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saltatory conduction?

    <p>The 'leaping' of action potentials from node to node on myelinated axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrical synapses differ from chemical synapses?

    <p>Electrical synapses involve direct electrical current flow between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Circulation and Gas Exchange

    • Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
    • Unicellular organisms exchange materials through diffusion
    • Simple body plans, like flatworms, maximize surface area and minimize diffusion distances
    • Circulatory systems are adaptations that enable efficient transport of substances over larger distances

    Gastrovascular Cavities

    • Found in certain invertebrates (hydras, cnidarians, flatworms)
    • These cavities serve as both digestive and circulatory systems
    • Many animals can survive without a circulatory system

    Circulatory Systems

    • Open circulatory systems
      • Hemolymph (circulatory fluid) is also interstitial fluid
      • Hemolymph is pumped to interconnected sinuses (spaces)
      • Less energy efficient (lower hydrostatic pressure)
      • Found in arthropods (e.g., grasshoppers, crabs) and some mollusks
    • Closed circulatory systems
      • Blood is the circulatory fluid, distinct from interstitial fluid
      • Blood is efficiently transported through interconnected vessels
      • Found in annelids (earthworms), cephalopods (e.g., squids, octopuses), and vertebrates
    • Cardiovascular system
      • Contains arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
      • Arteries carry blood away from the heart
      • Veins carry blood back to the heart
      • Capillaries are networks of tiny blood vessels
      • Exception: portal veins carry blood between capillary beds

    Single Circulation

    • Blood flows through the body in a single loop, returning to the heart
    • Two-chambered hearts are seen in sharks, rays, and bony fishes

    Double Circulation

    • Two circuits (pulmonary and systemic) are seen in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
    • Pulmonary circuit: right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for gas exchange
    • Systemic circuit: left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body
    • Higher blood pressure in systemic circulation, better for gas exchange

    Additional Notes

    • Amphibians may use their skin for gas exchange

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on circulatory systems and gas exchange mechanisms. This quiz covers both unicellular organisms and complex circulatory systems, including open and closed circulatory systems. Understand how these systems adapt to different body plans for efficient transport.

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