Circulation and Gas Exchange Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

  • To provide insulation for axons (correct)
  • To enhance muscle contraction
  • To facilitate synaptic cleft formation
  • To transmit neurotransmitters efficiently

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory functions in the autonomic nervous system?

  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrine (correct)

What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier during an action potential?

  • Neurotransmitter release happens
  • Neuronal electrical insulation is decreased
  • Myelination increases
  • Ion exchange occurs, leading to action potential propagation (correct)

How does dopamine contribute to the effects seen in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Lack of dopamine results in motor skill impairment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is directly linked to muscle rigidity and slowness of movement in Parkinson’s disease?

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes metabotropic receptors in chemical synapses?

<p>They activate G-protein signaling pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Parkinson's disease?

<p>Excessive movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biogenic amine neurotransmitter can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending on the brain region?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does wider axon diameter have on action potential conduction?

<p>Increases conduction speed for rapid responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

<p>It encourages the neuron to reach the action potential threshold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses?

<p>To transmit signals across the synaptic cleft (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neuromuscular conditions like myotonia impact muscle function?

<p>They impair muscle relaxation due to sodium channel mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?

<p>A sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of neurotransmitter binding to the postsynaptic membrane?

<p>It can create either EPSP or IPSP depending on the type of neurotransmitter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between action potential frequency and signal strength?

<p>Greater signal strength correlates with more action potentials fired (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the axon hillock in the neuron?

<p>It integrates signals and initiates action potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microglia serve in the nervous system?

<p>They act as the first line of active immune defense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a graded potential reaches the threshold potential of approximately -55mV?

<p>Sodium channels begin to open, resulting in action potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion channels respond to a change in membrane potential?

<p>Voltage-gated ion channels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which neurotransmitters act at chemical synapses?

<p>Release of neurotransmitters to bind to chemically-gated channels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hyperpolarization in a neuron?

<p>Opening of gated K+ channels allowing potassium efflux. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle contraction?

<p>Acetylcholine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is saltatory conduction?

<p>The 'leaping' of action potentials from node to node on myelinated axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do electrical synapses differ from chemical synapses?

<p>Electrical synapses involve direct electrical current flow between neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Myelin sheath

Insulation covering axons, produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS).

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath, where action potentials occur.

Synaptic cleft

The small gap between neurons where transmission occurs.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.

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Biogenic amines

Neurotransmitters like epinephrine/norepinephrine and dopamine, made from tyrosine.

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Parkinson's Disease

A degenerative disorder of the CNS, causing motor skill problems, due to lack of dopamine.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter. Can be excitatory or inhibitory, crucial for movement and motor functions.

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Schizophrenia

Mental health condition, potentially related to neurotransmitter imbalances (not detailed in the content).

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Action Potential

A rapid change in electrical potential across a neuron's membrane, allowing for signal transmission

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Depolarization

A change in membrane potential, making it less negative

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Synaptic Transmission

The process by which signals are transmitted across a synapse, from one neuron to another.

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Synaptic Vesicles

Small sacs that store neurotransmitters at the presynaptic neuron terminal.

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EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential)

A postsynaptic potential that brings the membrane potential closer to the threshold for an action potential.

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IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential)

A postsynaptic potential that moves the membrane potential further from the threshold for an action potential.

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Summation

Combining EPSPs and IPSPs to determine whether or not an action potential will occur.

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Chemically-gated ion channels

Ion channels that open in response to a specific chemical stimulus, altering the plasma membrane's permeability.

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Voltage-gated ion channels

Ion channels that respond to changes in the membrane potential (voltage).

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Graded potential

Change in membrane potential varying in size depending on the strength of the stimulus.

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Hyperpolarization

A change in membrane potential that makes the cell more negative.

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Electrical synapse

Synapse where electrical current flows directly from one neuron to another.

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Chemical synapse

Synapse where the presynaptic neuron releases a chemical neurotransmitter to communicate with the postsynaptic neuron.

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Study Notes

Circulation and Gas Exchange

  • Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
  • Unicellular organisms exchange materials through diffusion
  • Simple body plans, like flatworms, maximize surface area and minimize diffusion distances
  • Circulatory systems are adaptations that enable efficient transport of substances over larger distances

Gastrovascular Cavities

  • Found in certain invertebrates (hydras, cnidarians, flatworms)
  • These cavities serve as both digestive and circulatory systems
  • Many animals can survive without a circulatory system

Circulatory Systems

  • Open circulatory systems
    • Hemolymph (circulatory fluid) is also interstitial fluid
    • Hemolymph is pumped to interconnected sinuses (spaces)
    • Less energy efficient (lower hydrostatic pressure)
    • Found in arthropods (e.g., grasshoppers, crabs) and some mollusks
  • Closed circulatory systems
    • Blood is the circulatory fluid, distinct from interstitial fluid
    • Blood is efficiently transported through interconnected vessels
    • Found in annelids (earthworms), cephalopods (e.g., squids, octopuses), and vertebrates
  • Cardiovascular system
    • Contains arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart
    • Veins carry blood back to the heart
    • Capillaries are networks of tiny blood vessels
    • Exception: portal veins carry blood between capillary beds

Single Circulation

  • Blood flows through the body in a single loop, returning to the heart
  • Two-chambered hearts are seen in sharks, rays, and bony fishes

Double Circulation

  • Two circuits (pulmonary and systemic) are seen in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • Pulmonary circuit: right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for gas exchange
  • Systemic circuit: left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body
  • Higher blood pressure in systemic circulation, better for gas exchange

Additional Notes

  • Amphibians may use their skin for gas exchange

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Description

Test your knowledge on circulatory systems and gas exchange mechanisms. This quiz covers both unicellular organisms and complex circulatory systems, including open and closed circulatory systems. Understand how these systems adapt to different body plans for efficient transport.

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