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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of high blood glucose levels in diabetic nephropathy?
What is the primary consequence of high blood glucose levels in diabetic nephropathy?
- Increased GFR
- Back pressure and fibrosis (correct)
- Increased tubular cell function
- Reduced nephron count
Polycystic Kidney Disease results from a gene defect that causes cyst formation in the nephrons.
Polycystic Kidney Disease results from a gene defect that causes cyst formation in the nephrons.
True (A)
What medication type is commonly used to manage blood pressure in chronic kidney disease patients?
What medication type is commonly used to manage blood pressure in chronic kidney disease patients?
ACE Inhibitor
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is activated during __________.
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is activated during __________.
Match the following kidney diseases with their characteristics:
Match the following kidney diseases with their characteristics:
Which factor is primarily reduced by thickening of the afferent arterioles in hypertension?
Which factor is primarily reduced by thickening of the afferent arterioles in hypertension?
Glomerulosclerosis results from inflammation and scarring of the glomeruli.
Glomerulosclerosis results from inflammation and scarring of the glomeruli.
What are nephrotoxic medications?
What are nephrotoxic medications?
Chronic Kidney Disease can lead to __________, which is a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate.
Chronic Kidney Disease can lead to __________, which is a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate.
Which physiological process is primarily affected by the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System?
Which physiological process is primarily affected by the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System?
What is one of the main consequences of diabetic nephropathy?
What is one of the main consequences of diabetic nephropathy?
Hypertension can cause changes in the afferent arterioles that lead to increased blood flow to the glomerulus.
Hypertension can cause changes in the afferent arterioles that lead to increased blood flow to the glomerulus.
What is the effect of RAAS activation on blood pressure?
What is the effect of RAAS activation on blood pressure?
In chronic kidney disease, reduced GFR can lead to __________ of the kidneys.
In chronic kidney disease, reduced GFR can lead to __________ of the kidneys.
Match the kidney diseases with their primary characteristics:
Match the kidney diseases with their primary characteristics:
What is a potential complication of reduced blood flow to tubular cells in PCKD?
What is a potential complication of reduced blood flow to tubular cells in PCKD?
ACE inhibitors are often used to manage chronic kidney disease because they lower blood pressure.
ACE inhibitors are often used to manage chronic kidney disease because they lower blood pressure.
Name a common nephrotoxic medication.
Name a common nephrotoxic medication.
The process by which acute kidney stress can become chronic is often termed __________.
The process by which acute kidney stress can become chronic is often termed __________.
What is a potential result of thickening of the afferent arteriole walls due to hypertension?
What is a potential result of thickening of the afferent arteriole walls due to hypertension?
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Study Notes
Chronic Kidney Disease
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A condition where the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter waste products from the blood effectively
- Causes:
- Diabetic nephropathy: High blood glucose levels damage blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to scarring
- Hypertension: High blood pressure thickens the walls of blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing blood flow
- Glomerular diseases: Inflammation or damage to the tiny filters in the kidneys
- Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD): A genetic disorder causing cysts to form in the kidneys, compressing surrounding tissue
- Effects:
- Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): The rate at which kidneys filter blood decreases, leading to a buildup of waste products
- Fluid and electrolyte imbalances: The kidneys struggle to regulate salt, minerals, and water balance, contributing to edema and electrolyte imbalances
- Management:
- Blood pressure control: Medications like ACE inhibitors and ARBs are used to lower blood pressure and protect the kidneys
- Blood glucose control: Tight blood glucose control is crucial for people with diabetes
- Nephrotoxic medication awareness: Avoiding or minimizing the use of medications that can damage the kidneys
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- RAAS: A complex hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance
- Mechanism:
- Renin release: When blood pressure drops, the kidneys release renin
- Angiotensin I conversion: Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
- Angiotensin II formation: Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
- Aldosterone release: Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone
- Blood pressure increase: Aldosterone increases sodium retention and water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure
- RAAS effect on CKD:
- Exacerbates CKD progression: The RAAS actively contributes to blood vessel narrowing and kidney damage in CKD
- ACE inhibitors: ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure and protecting the kidneys in CKD
- Overall, targeting RAAS is a vital aspect of CKD management by reducing blood pressure, preventing further kidney damage, and slowing down disease progression.
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