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Questions and Answers
What is a primary role of renal function in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of loss of renal function?
Which symptom is commonly associated with kidney disease?
What is a general management strategy for patients with kidney disease?
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Which of the following is a dental relevance of renal disease?
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What is a common initial symptom of chronic kidney disease?
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Which of the following gastrointestinal effects can result from chronic kidney disease?
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What effect does chronic kidney disease have on hematological health?
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Which of the following best describes a potential cardiovascular effect of chronic kidney disease?
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Which of the following options is NOT a potential effect of chronic kidney disease?
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Which of the following is a sign of kidney disease associated with water retention?
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What percentage of patients on haemodialysis survive at least 5 years?
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What is a commonly prescribed medication approach for patients after a renal transplantation?
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Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with kidney disease?
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Patients who have undergone renal transplantation are susceptible to which type of health issue?
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Study Notes
Renal Function
- Renal function is essential for maintaining normal body fluid volume and composition, excretion of waste products and drugs.
Causes of Loss of Renal Function
- Renal Disease:
- Glomerulonephritis
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Congenital abnormalities
- Renal tract infections
- Renal Hypofunction
- Severe shock or hemorrhage
- Blockage of Renal Outflow
- Kidney stones
- Prostate tumours
Effects on the Body
-
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (aka chronic renal failure):
- Progressive and irreversible kidney damage, impacting most body systems
- Results in decreased function of all kidney functions
- No symptoms initially
Potential Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Metabolic Effects
- Thirst
- Urination at night
- Glucose in urine
- Electrolyte disturbances
Cardiovascular Effects
- Hypertension
- Atheroma
Gastrointestinal Effects
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Peptic ulcer
- Hiccups
Neuromuscular Effects
- Headaches
- Drowsiness
- Tremors
Haematological Effects
- Bleeding due to platelet dysfunction and/or anticoagulant medication
- Anemia due to deficiency of erythropoietin
Other Effects
- Bruises
- Rashes
- Increased proneness to infection
Signs & Symptoms of Kidney Disease
- Weight loss and poor appetite
- Swollen ankles, feet or hands
- Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
- Increased need to urinate (especially at night)
- Insomnia
- Itchy skin
- Blood in urine (haematuria)
General Management
- Dialysis can give normal life to up to 20% of patients but cannot prevent all complications.
- Over 70% of patients on haemodialysis survive at least 5 years.
- Renal transplant may become necessary.
Kidney Dialysis
- A treatment option for kidney failure.
Renal transplantations
- Common treatment option with 90% graft survival at one year.
- Patients require immunosuppression after transplant.
Post Transplantation
- Patients may still experience problems associated with renal failure.
- Vulnerable to infection due to immunosuppression.
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Description
Explore the essential functions of the kidneys, including their role in fluid balance and waste excretion. Understand the causes and impacts of renal function loss, with a focus on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal effects. Test your knowledge on this critical topic in human health.
