Chromatography and Dialysis Techniques Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of chromatography involves a stationary phase spread on a flat surface?

Thin layer chromatography (correct)

Gas chromatography

Column chromatography

Affinity chromatography

In which type of chromatography is the mobile phase primarily in the gas state?

Liquid-liquid chromatography

Liquid-solid chromatography

Partition chromatography

Gas chromatography (correct)

Which mechanism of separation in chromatography involves the separation based on the size of the analyte?

Size exclusion chromatography (correct)

Ion exchange chromatography

Adsorption chromatography

Affinity chromatography

Which type of chromatography utilizes a stationary phase within a tube?

Column chromatography Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography is particularly useful for detecting contaminants in the chemical industry?

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of chromatography in the pharmaceutical sector?

To monitor drug purity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography can involve both gas and liquid as the stationary phase?

Gas-liquid chromatography Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of chromatography is particularly based on the interaction between antibodies and antigens?

Affinity chromatography Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dialysis is primarily used for desalting soy sauces?

Reverse dialysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of dialysis chemical separation methods?

Dependence on particle size and diffusion rates Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding electrophoresis?

It is an electrokinetic process for separating charged particles. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does dialysis provide over other separation techniques?

Ability to change solvents without disruption Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of dialysis makes it environmentally friendly?

No pollution produced during operation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of dialysis chemical separation?

Separation of gaseous mixtures Signup and view all the answers

Who first demonstrated the principles of electrophoresis?

Ruess Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of modern electrophoresis systems?

Improved miniaturization and precision Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the electrophoresis of negatively charged ions?

Anaphoresis Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used for the separation of macromolecules like DNA and proteins?

Gel electrophoresis Signup and view all the answers

What do charged molecules do when an electric field is applied in electrophoresis?

They migrate towards the opposite electrodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of electrophoresis?

Drug secretion analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a buffer solution in electrophoresis?

To maintain a stable pH and conduct electricity Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental principle underlies the process of electrophoresis?

Charge separation between particles and surrounding fluid Signup and view all the answers

In electrophoresis, what happens to the fluid around a charged particle when an electric field is applied?

It flows along with the particle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific application of protein genotyping in the context of electrophoresis?

ApoE analysis for Alzheimer's disease Signup and view all the answers

What determines the migration direction of ampholytes in different pH conditions?

The pH of the buffer solution Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of ion mobility during electrophoresis?

The age of the electrophoresis equipment Signup and view all the answers

What are the two essential components of any electrophoretic system?

Power pack and electrophoresis unit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a conducting buffer commonly used in electrophoresis?

Tris borate EDTA (TBE) Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition would an ampholyte migrate towards the cathode?

In an acidic solution Signup and view all the answers

What role does the supporting medium play in electrophoresis?

It acts as a matrix for biomolecule separation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is categorized as an external factor affecting ion mobility?

Voltage applied Signup and view all the answers

What type of agarose gel is primarily used in electrophoresis for separating DNA molecules?

Agarose gel Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electrophoretic mobility' (μep) depend on?

The charge density of the internal capillary wall and the solute's effective charge Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents electroosmotic flow (Veo)?

Veo = μeoE = (ε𝜁/η) (V/L) Signup and view all the answers

For anions in normal capillary electrophoresis, how do their velocities compare to the electroosmotic flow?

They migrate in the opposite direction with velocities less than the electroosmotic velocity Signup and view all the answers

What must be achieved for good reproducibility in migration velocity during capillary electrophoresis?

The electroosmotic flow must remain constant across runs Signup and view all the answers

Which property of the solution does NOT affect the electroosmotic flow?

Effective charge of the solute (q) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the solute's velocity (V) when the electroosmotic flow's rate is faster than the electrophoretic rate of solutes?

Both cations and anions migrate together but separately form zones Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the capillary wall is altered to suppress electroosmotic flow?

It may be necessary for certain experiments to achieve specific results Signup and view all the answers

In the formula V = Vep + Veo, what does Vep represent?

The velocity due to electrophoretic movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to zone broadening under ideal conditions in capillary zone electrophoresis?

Molecular diffusion of the solute Signup and view all the answers

Which formula correctly represents the relationship for the number of theoretical plates (N)?

N = (μep+μeo)(Vl)/2DL Signup and view all the answers

How does the average electrophoretic mobility (μaep) of two analytes get calculated?

μaep = ½ (μepb + μepa) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does electroosmotic flow have on the movement of uncharged molecules during a separation?

Uncharged molecules move at the same velocity as electroosmotic flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the capillary tube's inner diameter in capillary zone electrophoresis?

It influences the resolution of the separation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hydrodynamic injection from electrokinetic injection in capillary electrophoresis?

Hydrodynamic injection uses pressure, while electrokinetic uses electric fields. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to band dispersion in capillary electrophoresis?

Pressure of the solvent system Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the range of diameters for capillary tubes used in electrophoresis?

Inner diameter typically ranges from 25–75 μm. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Analytical Chemistry Overview

Analytical chemistry encompasses various fields, including clinical analysis (blood/urine), environmental analysis (heavy metals in soil/water), forensic analysis (DNA/clothing trace), and quality control (vitamin content in food).
Analytical methods often involve gravimetric measurements (weighing), electrochemical methods (using electrodes), and optical methods (visual).
Modern instrumental techniques are increasingly popular, with "smarter" instruments, simplifying analysis.
Samples can be directly placed in instruments for direct results display.

Analytical Methods

Water analysis utilizes various methods (gravimetric, electrochemical, optical).
Instrumental methods are gaining prominence and becoming more user-friendly.
Microprocessors are increasingly incorporated into instruments, enabling easier sample handling.
Analysis results are often read directly on the instrument's display.

Separation Techniques

Filtration employs fine-pore filters (paper, glass fibers, membranes) to separate suspended solids from dissolved solutes.
Distillation involves boiling liquids, then cooling and condensing vapors to separate components.
Extraction techniques concentrate analytes by extracting them into a desired solvent for better analysis, if the material is more soluble in that solvent.
Extractions are sometimes required to improve measurements, for instance, to remove interfering substances or concentrate the analyte.

Chromatography

Chromatography, initially used to separate colored pigments, is now a powerful technique for separating various compounds based on their varying affinities for the mobile and stationary phases.
Chromatographic techniques based on different physical principles.
The basic principle of chromatography involves the interactions between the sample (analyte) and the stationary and mobile phases.
The rate of movement of different components in a mixture differs, leading to their separation.

Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is used for compounds that can be vaporized.
The stationary phase in gas chromatography is coated on a coiled column.
An inert carrier gas moves the sample through the column.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

In TLC, various components in a mixture are separated based on their different affinities to the mobile and stationary phases, and separation is visually inspected.
The stationary phase is a thin layer, such as silica gel.

Types of Chromatography

Based on the physical nature of the mobile and stationary phases (gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-liquid).
Based on the mechanism of separation(partition, adsorption, size exclusion, ion exchange, affinity).

Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis separates charged particles in an electric field.
Molecules migrate in the field, depending on their charge and size.
Different types exist, including zone electrophoresis (using a supporting matrix like paper or gel) and moving boundary electrophoresis (in a free solution).
Applications range from clinical diagnostics (e.g., serum protein analysis) and forensic science (DNA analysis) to resolving complex mixtures of proteins or other macromolecules.

Capillary Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis involves separation through a capillary tube in an electric field.
Separation efficiency is high due to small capillary size.
Commonly applicable for analyzing a multitude of macromolecules, including complex mixtures of proteins or DNA.

Other Methods

Gravimetric Analysis: Measuring mass to determine concentration
Colorimetry/Spectrophotometry: Measuring color intensity (or absorbance) to determine concentration.
Titration: Chemical reaction to determine unknown concentration.
Radiochemical methods: Used in conjunction with mass spectroscopy.

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Description

This quiz explores various types of chromatography and dialysis techniques, focusing on their mechanisms of separation and applications in different industries. Test your knowledge on methods such as gas chromatography, gel filtration, and their uses in pharmaceuticals and chemical detection. Ideal for students of chemistry and related fields.