Chromatography and Dialysis Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of chromatography involves a stationary phase spread on a flat surface?

  • Thin layer chromatography (correct)
  • Gas chromatography
  • Column chromatography
  • Affinity chromatography

In which type of chromatography is the mobile phase primarily in the gas state?

  • Liquid-liquid chromatography
  • Liquid-solid chromatography
  • Partition chromatography
  • Gas chromatography (correct)

Which mechanism of separation in chromatography involves the separation based on the size of the analyte?

  • Size exclusion chromatography (correct)
  • Ion exchange chromatography
  • Adsorption chromatography
  • Affinity chromatography

Which type of chromatography utilizes a stationary phase within a tube?

<p>Column chromatography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography is particularly useful for detecting contaminants in the chemical industry?

<p>High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of chromatography in the pharmaceutical sector?

<p>To monitor drug purity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography can involve both gas and liquid as the stationary phase?

<p>Gas-liquid chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of chromatography is particularly based on the interaction between antibodies and antigens?

<p>Affinity chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dialysis is primarily used for desalting soy sauces?

<p>Reverse dialysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of dialysis chemical separation methods?

<p>Dependence on particle size and diffusion rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding electrophoresis?

<p>It is an electrokinetic process for separating charged particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does dialysis provide over other separation techniques?

<p>Ability to change solvents without disruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of dialysis makes it environmentally friendly?

<p>No pollution produced during operation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of dialysis chemical separation?

<p>Separation of gaseous mixtures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first demonstrated the principles of electrophoresis?

<p>Ruess (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of modern electrophoresis systems?

<p>Improved miniaturization and precision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the electrophoresis of negatively charged ions?

<p>Anaphoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used for the separation of macromolecules like DNA and proteins?

<p>Gel electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do charged molecules do when an electric field is applied in electrophoresis?

<p>They migrate towards the opposite electrodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of electrophoresis?

<p>Drug secretion analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a buffer solution in electrophoresis?

<p>To maintain a stable pH and conduct electricity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental principle underlies the process of electrophoresis?

<p>Charge separation between particles and surrounding fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In electrophoresis, what happens to the fluid around a charged particle when an electric field is applied?

<p>It flows along with the particle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific application of protein genotyping in the context of electrophoresis?

<p>ApoE analysis for Alzheimer's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the migration direction of ampholytes in different pH conditions?

<p>The pH of the buffer solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of ion mobility during electrophoresis?

<p>The age of the electrophoresis equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two essential components of any electrophoretic system?

<p>Power pack and electrophoresis unit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a conducting buffer commonly used in electrophoresis?

<p>Tris borate EDTA (TBE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition would an ampholyte migrate towards the cathode?

<p>In an acidic solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the supporting medium play in electrophoresis?

<p>It acts as a matrix for biomolecule separation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is categorized as an external factor affecting ion mobility?

<p>Voltage applied (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agarose gel is primarily used in electrophoresis for separating DNA molecules?

<p>Agarose gel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electrophoretic mobility' (μep) depend on?

<p>The charge density of the internal capillary wall and the solute's effective charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents electroosmotic flow (Veo)?

<p>Veo = μeoE = (ε𝜁/η) (V/L) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For anions in normal capillary electrophoresis, how do their velocities compare to the electroosmotic flow?

<p>They migrate in the opposite direction with velocities less than the electroosmotic velocity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be achieved for good reproducibility in migration velocity during capillary electrophoresis?

<p>The electroosmotic flow must remain constant across runs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of the solution does NOT affect the electroosmotic flow?

<p>Effective charge of the solute (q) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the solute's velocity (V) when the electroosmotic flow's rate is faster than the electrophoretic rate of solutes?

<p>Both cations and anions migrate together but separately form zones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the capillary wall is altered to suppress electroosmotic flow?

<p>It may be necessary for certain experiments to achieve specific results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula V = Vep + Veo, what does Vep represent?

<p>The velocity due to electrophoretic movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to zone broadening under ideal conditions in capillary zone electrophoresis?

<p>Molecular diffusion of the solute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula correctly represents the relationship for the number of theoretical plates (N)?

<p>N = (μep+μeo)(Vl)/2DL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the average electrophoretic mobility (μaep) of two analytes get calculated?

<p>μaep = ½ (μepb + μepa) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does electroosmotic flow have on the movement of uncharged molecules during a separation?

<p>Uncharged molecules move at the same velocity as electroosmotic flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the capillary tube's inner diameter in capillary zone electrophoresis?

<p>It influences the resolution of the separation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hydrodynamic injection from electrokinetic injection in capillary electrophoresis?

<p>Hydrodynamic injection uses pressure, while electrokinetic uses electric fields. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to band dispersion in capillary electrophoresis?

<p>Pressure of the solvent system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the range of diameters for capillary tubes used in electrophoresis?

<p>Inner diameter typically ranges from 25–75 μm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Planar Chromatography

Chromatography based on a flat surface where the stationary phase is spread, like paper in paper chromatography or a thin layer on a plate in thin layer chromatography.

Column Chromatography

Chromatography based on a tube where the stationary phase resides inside.

Gas Chromatography

Chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. It separates compounds based on their vapor pressure.

Liquid Chromatography

Chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, and it separates compounds based on their solubility and interactions with the stationary phase.

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Adsorption Chromatography

Chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid, and it separates based on the selective adsorption of compounds to the solid surface.

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Size Exclusion Chromatography

Chromatography that separates compounds based on their size, with larger molecules eluting first.

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Affinity Chromatography

Chromatography based on the specific interaction between a molecule and the stationary phase. It's commonly used to purify a specific protein.

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Ion Exchange Chromatography

Chromatography that uses a stationary phase with charged groups. It separates compounds based on their charge.

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Electrophoresis

The movement of charged molecules through a medium under the influence of an electric field.

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Anaphoresis

Electrophoresis of negatively charged ions (anions) towards the positive electrode (anode).

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Cataphoresis

Electrophoresis of positively charged ions (cations) towards the negative electrode (cathode).

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Gel electrophoresis

A technique used to separate molecules based on their size, density, and purity using a gel matrix and electric field.

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Iontophoresis

Movement of small ions through a membrane or medium under an electric field.

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Principle of electrophoresis

Separation of charged molecules based on their charge, size, and conformation using an electric field.

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Charge separation

The difference in charge between the surface of a particle and the surrounding fluid, leading to movement in an electric field.

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Electrophoresis buffer

A buffer solution used in electrophoresis to maintain a stable pH and prevent the molecules from degrading.

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Electrophoresis in an Electrolyte

The movement of charged particles through an electrolyte (a solution that conducts electricity) when subjected to an electric field at a specific pH.

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Electrophoresis's Applications

A separation technique used in labs to separate mixtures, especially proteins and nucleic acids.

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Electrodialysis

A type of dialysis that uses an electric field to speed up the movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane.

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Electro-electrodialysis

A variation of electrodialysis that uses two electric fields, one to move ions and another to 'clean' the membrane.

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Donnan Dialysis

A type of dialysis that uses the difference in charge across a membrane to separate ions.

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Dialysis

A separation method that utilizes a semi-permeable membrane to separate molecules based on their size and diffusion rates.

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Reverse Dialysis

A form of dialysis that uses a pressure gradient to force water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, resulting in a concentrated solution on one side.

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Why do negatively charged molecules move towards the anode?

Molecules with a net negative charge move towards the positive electrode, called the anode, during electrophoresis.

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What are ampholytes and how do they move in electrophoresis?

Ampholytes, like proteins, can have both positive and negative charges depending on the pH of the solution. They can migrate towards either the anode (positive) or cathode (negative) based on their net charge.

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What factors influence the rate of migration in electrophoresis?

The rate at which a molecule moves during electrophoresis is influenced by factors like its net charge, size and shape, the strength of the electric field, the properties of the supporting medium, and the temperature.

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What are the inherent factors affecting ion velocity?

The inherent factors influencing ion velocity include charge density, molecular weight, net charge, and size and shape of the molecule.

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What are the external factors affecting ion velocity?

External factors, such as the electrical parameters (current, voltage, power), viscosity and pore size of the supporting medium, temperature of the solution, and pH of the buffer, affect the rate of migration.

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What is the role of the power pack in electrophoresis?

The power supply in an electrophoresis system controls the electric current or voltage, driving the movement of charged molecules in the medium.

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What are the essential components of an electrophoresis unit?

An electrophoresis unit consists of electrodes of opposite charges, an electrolyte for electric current transmission, and a supporting medium like a gel for separating molecules.

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What is the role of buffers in electrophoresis?

Buffers act as electrolytes carrying current and maintaining the appropriate pH for the separation process. Commonly used buffers include TBE and TAE.

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Electrophoretic Velocity (Vep)

The velocity of a solute moving due to the electric field in electrophoresis, determined by the solute's charge and the surrounding medium's properties.

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Effective Charge (q)

The net charge on a solute, determined by its chemical structure and the pH of the surrounding medium.

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Electrophoretic Mobility (μep)

The measure of a molecule's ability to move through an electric field, influenced by the molecule's charge and its size and shape.

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Electroosmotic Flow

A constant flow of buffer solution in the capillary driven by the electric field, typically caused by a charged capillary wall.

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Electroosmotic Velocity (Veo)

The velocity of the buffer solution moving due to the electroosmotic flow, determined by the capillary's properties and electric field.

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Electrophoresis: Electric Field

The difference in electric potential between the anode and cathode leads to the movement of charged components in electrophoresis. It's the driving force for separation.

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Migration Time (t)

The time it takes for a solute to travel from the injection point to the detection point in an electrophoresis experiment, affected by the solute's velocity and the capillary's length.

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Band Dispersion in Capillary Electrophoresis

The broadening of a solute band during capillary electrophoresis, influenced by factors like molecular diffusion, injection plug length, detector cell size, and sample adsorption.

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Theoretical Plates (N) in Capillary Electrophoresis

The number of theoretical plates in capillary electrophoresis, representing the efficiency of separation. A higher number of plates indicates better separation.

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Electroosmotic Mobility (μeo)

The movement of the buffer solution through the capillary due to the electric field, created by the interaction between the buffer ions and the capillary wall.

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Resolution (Rs) in Capillary Electrophoresis

A measure of the separation between two bands in capillary electrophoresis. A higher resolution means better separation.

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Average Electrophoretic Mobility (μaep)

The average electrophoretic mobility of two analytes, calculated as the mean of their individual mobilities.

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Hydrodynamic Injection

A method of injecting a sample into a capillary electrophoresis column using pressure to force a small portion of the sample into the capillary tubing.

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Electrokinetic Injection

A method of injecting a sample into a capillary electrophoresis column that utilizes an electric field to draw the sample into the capillary.

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Study Notes

Analytical Chemistry Overview

  • Analytical chemistry encompasses various fields, including clinical analysis (blood/urine), environmental analysis (heavy metals in soil/water), forensic analysis (DNA/clothing trace), and quality control (vitamin content in food).
  • Analytical methods often involve gravimetric measurements (weighing), electrochemical methods (using electrodes), and optical methods (visual).
  • Modern instrumental techniques are increasingly popular, with "smarter" instruments, simplifying analysis.
  • Samples can be directly placed in instruments for direct results display.

Analytical Methods

  • Water analysis utilizes various methods (gravimetric, electrochemical, optical).
  • Instrumental methods are gaining prominence and becoming more user-friendly.
  • Microprocessors are increasingly incorporated into instruments, enabling easier sample handling.
  • Analysis results are often read directly on the instrument's display.

Separation Techniques

  • Filtration employs fine-pore filters (paper, glass fibers, membranes) to separate suspended solids from dissolved solutes.
  • Distillation involves boiling liquids, then cooling and condensing vapors to separate components.
  • Extraction techniques concentrate analytes by extracting them into a desired solvent for better analysis, if the material is more soluble in that solvent.
  • Extractions are sometimes required to improve measurements, for instance, to remove interfering substances or concentrate the analyte.

Chromatography

  • Chromatography, initially used to separate colored pigments, is now a powerful technique for separating various compounds based on their varying affinities for the mobile and stationary phases.
  • Chromatographic techniques based on different physical principles.
  • The basic principle of chromatography involves the interactions between the sample (analyte) and the stationary and mobile phases.
  • The rate of movement of different components in a mixture differs, leading to their separation.

Gas Chromatography

  • Gas chromatography is used for compounds that can be vaporized.
  • The stationary phase in gas chromatography is coated on a coiled column.
  • An inert carrier gas moves the sample through the column.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

  • In TLC, various components in a mixture are separated based on their different affinities to the mobile and stationary phases, and separation is visually inspected.
  • The stationary phase is a thin layer, such as silica gel.

Types of Chromatography

  • Based on the physical nature of the mobile and stationary phases (gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-liquid).
  • Based on the mechanism of separation(partition, adsorption, size exclusion, ion exchange, affinity).

Electrophoresis

  • Electrophoresis separates charged particles in an electric field.
  • Molecules migrate in the field, depending on their charge and size.
  • Different types exist, including zone electrophoresis (using a supporting matrix like paper or gel) and moving boundary electrophoresis (in a free solution).
  • Applications range from clinical diagnostics (e.g., serum protein analysis) and forensic science (DNA analysis) to resolving complex mixtures of proteins or other macromolecules.

Capillary Electrophoresis

  • Capillary electrophoresis involves separation through a capillary tube in an electric field.
  • Separation efficiency is high due to small capillary size.
  • Commonly applicable for analyzing a multitude of macromolecules, including complex mixtures of proteins or DNA.

Other Methods

  • Gravimetric Analysis: Measuring mass to determine concentration
  • Colorimetry/Spectrophotometry: Measuring color intensity (or absorbance) to determine concentration.
  • Titration: Chemical reaction to determine unknown concentration.
  • Radiochemical methods: Used in conjunction with mass spectroscopy.

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CHM 230 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry PDF

Description

This quiz explores various types of chromatography and dialysis techniques, focusing on their mechanisms of separation and applications in different industries. Test your knowledge on methods such as gas chromatography, gel filtration, and their uses in pharmaceuticals and chemical detection. Ideal for students of chemistry and related fields.

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