Christology Overview and Historical Perspectives
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Questions and Answers

What does ontological Christology primarily focus on?

  • The identity and nature of Christ as the Son of God (correct)
  • The teachings of Jesus regarding salvation
  • The historical context of Jesus' ministry
  • The actions of Jesus in his role as Savior

    • How do functional Christology and ontological Christology differ?

  • Functional Christology emphasizes actions while ontological focuses on identity (correct)
  • Ontological Christology emphasizes Jesus' mission as Savior
  • Functional Christology is concerned with divine nature
  • Functional Christology disregards Christ's teachings

    • What belief did the Ebionites hold about Christ?

  • They believed Christ was pre-existent and divine.
  • They claimed Jesus was an illusion and did not exist.
  • They recognized Jesus as the Son of God but not a prophet.
  • They viewed Jesus as merely human and a significant prophet. (correct)

    • What is a key tenet of Gnostic beliefs regarding salvation?

    <p>Salvation is gained by secret knowledge accessible to the enlightened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Gnostic classification of individuals categorize Hylics?

    <p>As those driven mainly by physical desires and concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Docetists teach about the nature of Christ?

    <p>Jesus only appeared to be human; his physical body was an illusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Pneumatics represent in Gnostic thought?

    <p>The spiritually enlightened, capable of attaining salvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the view of the material body according to Docetists?

    <p>The material body is inherently evil and an illusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief is NOT associated with the Ebionites?

    <p>They accepted the divinity of Christ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The idea that only a small number of enlightened individuals can attain salvation reflects which belief system?

    <p>Gnosticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of Arius regarding the nature of the relationship between God the Father and God the Son?

    <p>The implication of division in God’s oneness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Council of Nicaea regarding the nature of Christ?

    <p>Establishment of Christ as fully divine and consubstantial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theological term introduced by the Council of Nicaea means 'of the same substance'?

    <p>Homousios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central teaching of Apollinarius regarding Jesus' nature?

    <p>Jesus possessed a divine nature instead of a human rational soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Council of Constantinople in 381 AD regarding Apollinarius' teachings?

    <p>It emphasized the necessity of Christ's full humanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the principal opponent of Arius, defending the full divinity of the Son?

    <p>St. Athanasius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Monogeneis' emphasize about Jesus Christ?

    <p>He is the only begotten Son of the Father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nestorius' belief about Jesus encompassed which viewpoint?

    <p>Jesus had two separate natures: human and divine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue did Arius raise concerning God’s nature when discussing the Son of God?

    <p>The compatibility of divinity with human existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the Council of Nicaea held, marking a significant event in Church history?

    <p>325 AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the title 'Theotokos' affirm about Mary?

    <p>She is the bearer of God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Nestorius' main contention regarding Mary?

    <p>She gave birth to a hybrid entity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which council condemned Nestorianism?

    <p>Council of Ephesus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hypostatic union' refer to?

    <p>The union of Christ’s two natures in one person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What claim did Eutyches of Constantinople make?

    <p>Christ only had one divine nature after the Incarnation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Council of Chalcedon affirm?

    <p>The doctrine of the hypostatic union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'Christotokos'?

    <p>It affirms her as the mother of Christ's human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Categorical agreement at Chalcedon specify about Christ's natures?

    <p>They exist without confusion or separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the principal opponent of Nestorius during the theological debates?

    <p>St. Cyril of Alexandria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core belief represented by Iconoclasm?

    <p>Jesus cannot be represented in art.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant outcome of the Second Council of Nicaea?

    <p>Legitimation of sacred images in worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to St. John of Damascus, how do images serve the faith of worshippers?

    <p>They illustrate the reality of God's incarnation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Catholics view sacred images in relation to worship?

    <p>They serve as a focus on the divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What central theme did St. Bonaventure emphasize regarding the crucifix?

    <p>It is crucial for understanding the significance of Jesus's sacrifice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the image of the Sacred Heart hold in Catholicism?

    <p>It symbolizes his love and compassion, reflecting both natures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pope Pius XII state about the Sacred Heart?

    <p>It serves as a total expression of Catholic teachings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Christ is emphasized by the title 'Christ the Priest'?

    <p>His mediatory function in prayer and worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foundational aspect supports the Christology of Vatican II?

    <p>The Sacred Scriptures of both Testaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept best illustrates the misunderstanding addressed by proponents of sacred images?

    <p>That images are to be worshipped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Arius argue was compromised if the Son was considered fully divine and equal to the Father?

    <p>The oneness of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key outcome of the Council of Nicaea in response to Arian claims?

    <p>Affirmation of the Son's consubstantiality with the Father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term introduced by the Council of Nicaea describes Jesus as uniquely begotten of the Father?

    <p>Monogeneis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Apollinarius' perspective on Jesus’ human nature?

    <p>He lacked a rational soul to preserve his divinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief did Nestorius hold regarding the nature of Jesus that led to controversy?

    <p>Jesus existed as two distinct natures without unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does functional Christology primarily emphasize about Christ?

    <p>His actions and mission as Savior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Ebionites view Jesus in relation to other prophets?

    <p>As one of Israel's prophets without divine nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief is associated with Gnostic thought regarding knowledge and salvation?

    <p>Only the enlightened possess the key to salvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception is held by the Docetists regarding Christ's humanity?

    <p>He did not actually possess a physical body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Gnostic classification, which group is considered spiritually enlightened?

    <p>Pneumatics, guided by the divine spirit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'Theotokos'?

    <p>Mother of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hypostatic union refer to?

    <p>The union of the divine and human natures in Jesus Christ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Nestorius classify Jesus' nature?

    <p>50% human, 50% divine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which council addressed the concerns regarding Arianism?

    <p>Council of Nicaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant outcome occurred at the Council of Chalcedon?

    <p>Declaration of the hypostatic union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Karl Barth view as a metaphor for the Incarnation?

    <p>An invitation into the far country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Iconoclasm mean in the context of Christian doctrine?

    <p>Heretical belief against making images of Christ and saints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principal theme is associated with the Christology of John Paul II?

    <p>Mercy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the saint to whom Jesus appeared as the Sacred Heart?

    <p>St. Margaret Mary Alacoque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Christ as Prophet?

    <p>Mediator and fullness of divine revelation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central teaching of the Monophysites regarding Christ's nature after the incarnation?

    <p>Christ's human nature was absorbed into his divine nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theological term signifies the belief in the full divinity and humanity of Christ among early Christians?

    <p>Homousios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did St. Cyril of Alexandria primarily oppose regarding Nestorius' viewpoint?

    <p>The title of Theotokos for Mary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary claim made by Arius concerning the nature of God and the Son?

    <p>The Son was created and thus not fully divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief did the Gnostics hold regarding the nature of salvation?

    <p>Dependent on the revelation of secret knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the stance of the Second Council of Nicaea regarding Iconoclasm?

    <p>It supported the use of icons in worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eutyches teach about the nature of Christ that sparked controversy?

    <p>Christ's human nature was diminished at the incarnation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the title 'Monogeneis' introduced at the Council of Nicaea?

    <p>It indicates Christ as the sole divinely begotten Son.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the view of the Ebionites regarding Jesus’ divinity?

    <p>They denied his divinity completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Christological Approaches

    • Ontological Christology focuses on the identity of Christ, emphasizing his divine nature as the Son of God, rather than his actions.
    • Functional Christology focuses on Christ's mission as Savior, examining his actions, roles, and purpose in God's plan.

    Historical Figures and Groups

    • Ebionites denied Christ's divinity, viewing him as a human prophet chosen by God.
    • Docetists denied Christ's true humanity, believing his physical body was an illusion.
    • Gnostics believed salvation is achieved through secret knowledge (gnosis), emphasizing a separation between the physical and spiritual realms, categorized into hylics (driven by physical desires), psychics (guided by the intellect), and pneumatics (spiritually enlightened). Gnostic beliefs about Jesus influenced the Docetists, seeing the physical body as inherently evil.
    • Arius's primary concern was the relationship between the Father and Son, arguing that if the Son were equal to the Father, this would imply a division in the oneness of God.
    • Nestorius believed Jesus had two separate natures, human and divine, arguing that Mary could not be called Theotokos (Mother of God).
    • Apollinarius: Believed Jesus did not have a human rational soul, with the divine Word substituting the rational soul.
    • Eutyches of Constantinople formulated the Monophysite heresy, claiming that after the Incarnation Christ possessed only one divine nature.
    • St. Athanasius opposed Arius, asserting Christ's full divinity.
    • St. Cyril of Alexandria opposed Nestorius, defending the unity of Christ.

    Key Theological Concepts

    • Council of Nicaea (325 AD): Addressed the Arian controversy.
    • Council of Constantinople (381 AD): Condemned Apollinarianism.
    • Council of Ephesus (431 AD): Condemned Nestorianism.
    • Council of Chalcedon (451 AD): Affirmed the hypostatic union, defining the union of two natures in one person.
    • Hypostatic Union: Describes the union of Christ's divine and human natures in one person.
    • Theotokos: "God-bearer," referring to Mary as the mother of Jesus.
    • Homousios: "Of the same substance," emphasizing the equality of the Father and the Son.
    • Monogeneis: "Only begotten," highlighting Jesus' unique relationship with the Father.
    • Iconoclasm: The heretical view that opposes the use of images or icons as objects of veneration or worship. Iconoclasm argued that since God became incarnate in Jesus, images serve to express this reality.

    Key Figures Supporting Christian Teachings

    • John of Damascus: Defended the use of sacred images.
    • St. John Paul II: Reaffirmed the importance of images in worship.
    • St. Bonaventure: Highlighted the importance of the crucifix.

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    Final Exam Review of Christology PDF

    Description

    Explore the various Christological approaches including Ontological and Functional Christology. Delve into the beliefs of historical figures and groups such as the Ebionites, Docetists, Gnostics, and Arians concerning the nature and identity of Christ.

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