Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of stimulating nicotinic synapses in the brain?

  • Increased heart rate, bronchial dilation
  • Decreased vigilance, lowered mood
  • Increased vigilance, heightened mood (correct)
  • Decreased salivation, sweating

    • What is the mechanism of action of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists?

  • Inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the breakdown of ACh (correct)
  • Stimulate the release of ACh from neurons
  • Block the reuptake of ACh from the synapse
  • Bind to cholinergic receptors, activating them

    • What is the effect of cholinergic drugs on the pupils?

  • No effect
  • Dilation
  • Variable effect
  • Constriction (miosis) (correct)

    • What is the indication for direct-acting cholinergic drug pilocarpine?

    <p>Glaucoma and intraocular surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cholinergic drugs on the heart?

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the effects of cholinergic drug overdose?

    <p>SLUDGE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of echothiophate?

    <p>Irreversible covalent modification of acetylcholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for indirect-acting cholinergic drug physostigmine?

    <p>Reversal of anticholinergic drug effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cholinergic drugs on the respiratory system?

    <p>Bronchial constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cholinergic drugs on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Increased gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Receptors

    • Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter.
    • Cholinergic drugs can be classified into two types:
      • Parasympathomimetic or cholinergic drugs: stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
      • Parasympatholytic or anticholinergic drugs: block or inhibit the PNS.

    Synthesis of Acetylcholine

    • Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA through the action of choline acetylase.
    • Acetylcholine is broken down into choline and acetate through hydrolysis catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

    Types of Cholinergic Receptors

    • Nicotinic receptors: activated by nicotine, pentameric protein transmembrane channel, permeable to small cations.
    • Muscarinic receptors: activated by muscarine, single chain transmembrane protein, relays signals through G-proteins.

    Effects of Nicotine and Nicotinic Agonists

    • Stimulate preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
    • Increase heart rate and blood pressure.
    • Increase intestinal motility.

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The ANS has two divisions: sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic).
    • The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to deal with stress (fight or flight response).
    • The parasympathetic nervous system controls vegetative functions (e.g., constriction of pupils, slowing of heart rate).

    Cholinergic Drugs

    • Mechanism of action:
      • Direct-acting agonists: bind to cholinergic receptors, activating them.
      • Indirect-acting agonists: inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing the availability of ACh at receptors.
    • Effects:
      • Stimulation of intestine and bladder.
      • Stimulation of pupils (miosis).
      • Increased salivation and sweating.
      • Cardiovascular effects: decreased heart rate, vasodilation.
      • Respiratory effects: bronchial constriction, narrowed airways.

    Adverse Effects and Indications

    • Adverse effects: "SLUDGE" (salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, gastrointestinal cramps, emesis).
    • Indications:
      • Direct-acting drugs: reduce intraocular pressure, treat glaucoma and urinary retention.
      • Indirect-acting drugs: treat myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the effects of drugs on the parasympathetic nervous system, including cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs, and their interaction with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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