Cholesterol Management and Medications

Questions and Answers

What is a common side effect associated with the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe?

Dry skin

Severe headache

High blood pressure

Mild abdominal pain and diarrhea (correct)

Which of the following statements about bile-acid sequestrants is accurate?

They bind bile acids in the intestine, promoting cholesterol excretion. (correct)

They increase HDL levels in the bloodstream.

They have no known side effects.

They inhibit the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine.

What potential risk is associated with the use of cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

Increased LDL cholesterol manufacture

Hepatitis (rare) (correct)

High blood glucose levels

Severe allergic reactions

Which of the following effects is NOT produced by cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

Manufacturing of bile acids Signup and view all the answers

What side effects are commonly associated with bile-acid sequestrants?

Headache, anxiety, fatigue, drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of ACE inhibitors?

Angioedema Signup and view all the answers

How do ACE inhibitors primarily function in treating hypertension?

By blocking the formation of angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically treated by ACE inhibitors?

Hyperlipidemia Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do ACE inhibitors use to lower blood pressure?

Vasodilation and reduction in blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is an example of an ACE inhibitor?

Lisinopril Signup and view all the answers

What impact do ACE inhibitors have on serum potassium levels?

Increase serum potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone antagonists reduce blood volume?

Blocking aldosterone receptors in the kidney Signup and view all the answers

What are common side effects associated with eplerenone?

Rash and dry skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic effect of calcium channel blockers?

Vasodilation of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using valsartan?

Upper respiratory infection symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Calcium channel blockers can lead to which of the following cardiovascular effects?

Bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes selective calcium channel blockers from non-selective ones?

Their selectivity towards smooth muscle versus myocardial tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a main benefit of using aldosterone antagonists in treating heart failure after myocardial infarction?

Reduction in blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding aldosterone's effects is true?

It causes increased sodium and water retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of alpha1 adrenergic blockers in arterioles?

Induce vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of centrally acting alpha2 agonists on the cardiovascular system?

Decrease cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is specifically a beta1 blocker?

Metoprolol Signup and view all the answers

What common side effects might occur with the use of alpha1 adrenergic blockers?

Headache and dizziness Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of verapamil on heart rate?

Decreases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is primarily used for treating hypertension by blocking alpha1 receptors?

Alpha1 adrenergic blockers Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effects may be experienced due to hypotension from alpha1 adrenergic blockers?

Weakness and dizziness Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic effect of beta1 blockers?

Decreased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What condition may arise as Na accumulates in the cells?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications can suppress conduction at the SA and AV nodes?

Beta-blockers Signup and view all the answers

What effect do HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors primarily have on cholesterol levels?

Prevent cholesterol liver synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with statin medications?

Gastrointestinal effects Signup and view all the answers

What unintended effect can result from digoxin toxicity?

Drowsiness and weakness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hepatotoxicity and Cholesterol Management

Decreases manufacture of LDL and VLDL cholesterol while increasing HDL production.
Ezetimibe (Zetia) inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol from bile and food, leading to potential mild abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, and rare cases of hepatitis.

Bile-Acid Sequestrants

Binds bile acids in the intestine, enhancing cholesterol excretion.
Adverse effects include headache, anxiety, fatigue, and drowsiness.
Example drug: Colesevelam (Welchol).

Beta-Blockers

Slow heart rate by blocking beta receptors, monitor heart rate closely.
Commonly used in treating cardiovascular issues.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Treat hypertension, heart failure, post-MI, and diabetic nephropathy.
Mechanism involves blocking angiotensin II formation, leading to vasodilation, and increased potassium levels.
Common adverse effects include angioedema and hyperkalemia.
Example drugs: Captopril (Capoten), Lisinopril (Zestril), Enalapril (Vasotec).

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Indicated for hypertension, heart failure, MI, and diabetic nephropathy.
Mechanism involves blocking angiotensin II receptors, promoting vasodilation and sodium excretion.
Potential side effects include headache, dizziness, GI complaints, and upper respiratory infection symptoms.
Example drugs: Losartan (Cozaar), Irbesartan (Avapro), Valsartan (Diovan).

Aldosterone Antagonists

Used in heart failure post-MI and hypertension.
Blocks aldosterone receptors leading to increased sodium and water excretion, thus reducing blood volume.
Example drugs: Eplerenone (Inspra), Spironolactone (Aldactone).

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

Treat hypertension, angina, and cardiac dysrhythmias by slowing calcium entry into smooth muscle cells and myocardium.
This leads to vasodilation, decreased contraction force, and reduced heart rate.
Selective CCBs primarily target blood vessels, while non-selective affect both blood vessels and heart.
Example drugs include Nifedipine (Procardia), Amlodipine (Norvasc) for selective, and Verapamil (Calan), Diltiazem (Cardizem) for non-selective.

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers

Indicated for hypertension, blocking alpha-1 receptors in arterioles leading to vasodilation.
Side effects include headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal discomfort.
Example drugs: Doxazosin (Cardura), Prazosin (Minipress).

Centrally Acting Alpha-2 Agonists

Stimulates alpha-2 receptors in the brain, resulting in decreased heart rate and vascular resistance.
Example drug: Clonidine (Catapres).

Beta-1 Blockers

Used for hypertension, angina, heart failure, and tachydysrhythmias by blocking beta-1 receptors, reducing heart rate and cardiac output.
Side effects can include CNS effects like drowsiness and changes in vision.
Example drugs: Metoprolol (Lopressor), Atenolol (Tenormin).

Diuretics

Commonly prescribed for hypertension, aiding in fluid reduction and blood pressure control.
Types: Thiazide and Lasix (loop diuretic).

Antilipemic Agents

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins) are effective in managing hypercholesterolemia and preventing myocardial infarctions.
They work by inhibiting hepatic enzyme that reduces cholesterol precursors.
Side effects may include gastrointestinal and CNS effects.
Example drug: Atorvastatin (Lipitor).

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Description

This quiz covers the key concepts related to cholesterol management, including the effects of LDL, VLDL, and HDL levels on health. It also examines the role of ezetimibe (Zetia) as an intestinal absorption inhibitor and its associated side effects. Test your knowledge on these important pharmacological topics in cardiovascular health.