Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the approximate weight increase for school-age children per year before puberty?
What is the approximate weight increase for school-age children per year before puberty?
At what age does myelinization of the brain reach completion?
At what age does myelinization of the brain reach completion?
Which stage of development is characterized by children learning to handle complex sentences and applying grammar?
Which stage of development is characterized by children learning to handle complex sentences and applying grammar?
What is a common psychosocial concern for school-age children regarding their body?
What is a common psychosocial concern for school-age children regarding their body?
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What is the expected vocabulary expansion for children by age 6 to 7?
What is the expected vocabulary expansion for children by age 6 to 7?
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Which of the following is a significant health threat to school-age children?
Which of the following is a significant health threat to school-age children?
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In which cognitive stage do children begin to understand the concepts of past, present, and future?
In which cognitive stage do children begin to understand the concepts of past, present, and future?
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How does peer interaction influence social development during school-age years?
How does peer interaction influence social development during school-age years?
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Which activity is a typical physical development milestone for preschoolers?
Which activity is a typical physical development milestone for preschoolers?
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What is a major psychosocial characteristic seen in preschoolers?
What is a major psychosocial characteristic seen in preschoolers?
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At what age does puberty typically begin for males?
At what age does puberty typically begin for males?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes females during puberty?
Which of the following statements correctly describes females during puberty?
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What cognitive ability begins to develop during middle adolescence?
What cognitive ability begins to develop during middle adolescence?
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What is a significant task for adolescents in terms of psychosocial development?
What is a significant task for adolescents in terms of psychosocial development?
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Which of the following factors contributes to adolescents' self-concept?
Which of the following factors contributes to adolescents' self-concept?
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What major health concern arises from risky driving among adolescents?
What major health concern arises from risky driving among adolescents?
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What emotional effect do close relationships have on adolescents?
What emotional effect do close relationships have on adolescents?
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What requirement increases for adolescents regarding nutrition?
What requirement increases for adolescents regarding nutrition?
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Which statement best describes adolescent smoking behaviors?
Which statement best describes adolescent smoking behaviors?
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Why is education about puberty important for adolescents?
Why is education about puberty important for adolescents?
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Study Notes
Childhood Development
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Objectives:
- Describe normal growth and development (physical, cognitive, psychosocial) from preschool to adolescence.
- Discuss health risks, concerns, promotion, and maintenance from preschool to adolescence.
- Identify appropriate health teaching regarding safety concerns for parents of children in these stages.
Preschool - Physical Development
- Weight typically doubles by age 5.
- Growth is generally slower overall.
- Visual acuity improves.
- All primary teeth usually erupt.
- Good muscle control develops, allowing for vigorous play.
- At the end of preschool, children can ride tricycles with dexterity, jump multiple steps, and use tools like hammers.
Preschool - Cognitive/Social/Language Development
- Understands time in relation to activities.
- Knows name, address, days of the week, and gender.
- Has a 30-minute attention span.
- Thinks logically, categorizes behaviours as right or wrong.
- Understands the concept of past, present, and future.
- Imaginary friends are common.
Preschool - Emotion/Language
- Desires to please parents.
- May experience temper tantrums and mood swings.
- Increasing awareness of the outside world, exhibiting less egocentrism.
- Vocabulary expands to approximately 2000 words by age 5.
- Can use six to eight-word sentences.
Preschool - Safety/Health Threats
- Accidents remain a significant threat, including falls.
- Automobile, bicycle, and general safety are crucial.
- Burns and poisoning are risks.
- Stranger danger needs attention.
School-age - Physical Development
- Growth is slow until the pre-puberty growth spurt (approximately 5-7 lb/year).
- Brain reaches adult size, and myelinization is complete by age 7.
- Primary teeth are lost, and permanent teeth emerge by age 12.
- Muscle coordination (fine and gross motor) improves.
- Growth spurts occur with increased caloric needs.
- Skeletal growth sometimes outpaces muscle growth.
- Puberty hormones start influencing development.
- Appetite fluctuates.
- Breakfast may be neglected.
School-age - Cognitive
- Concrete operations are mastered, leading to logical and concrete thinking.
- Egocentrism decreases.
- Grammar is learned and applied to express emotions and thoughts.
- Vocabulary expands to around 3000 or more words.
- Complex sentence structures are used.
School-age - Emotional/Social
- Desire to do and create things; competitive tendencies.
- Body image concerns and potential for body mutilation/alterations.
- Might exhibit nervous habits.
- Mostly same-gender playgroups emerge (beginning around age 8).
- Enjoy a wide range of games and activities.
School-age - Safety/Health
- Progressive sex education is important.
- Traffic and car safety need ongoing monitoring.
- Friend influences need to be monitored.
- Bike safety must be taught and enforced.
- Parents need to educate and exemplify safe behaviors regarding substances (drugs, alcohol, and smoking).
- Water safety and supervision remain crucial.
Adolescence - Physical Development (Male)
- Puberty begins between ages 10-13.
- Shoulders broaden, muscles enlarge, and voice deepens.
- Hair growth occurs on face, chest, armpits, and groin.
- Development and growth of the testicles occur.
- Final growth spurt usually by age 18.
Adolescence - Physical Development (Female)
- Puberty typically begins 6 months to 2 years before males.
- Growth spurt usually occurs around this time.
- Secondary sex characteristics become more apparent before the first menstrual period.
- Fat deposition occurs in hips, thighs, and breasts.
- Development of external genitals, and pubic hair.
- Cultural and religious beliefs influence attitudes and adjustment to this stage.
- Education regarding puberty and related developments is important.
Adolescence - Cognitive Development
- Concrete thinking is typical earlier in adolescence.
- Abstract thinking emerges in middle adolescence, leading to daydreams and fantasies.
- Deductive and inductive reasoning begin to develop.
- Multiple viewpoints and imagined possibilities become apparent later in adolescence.
- Idealistic thinking can be common.
Adolescence - Psychosocial/Emotional Development
- Self-concept fluctuates during this time.
- Parents, peers, and others influence self-concept and self-esteem.
- Developing an identity and building self-esteem are key tasks.
- Intimate relationships contribute to self-identity and belonging.
- Peer groups provide a sense of normality.
- Family support and interactions become crucial.
Adolescence - Health & Safety
- Increased caloric and protein requirements need to be met routinely with multiple meals and healthier choices (less snacking and processed foods).
- Frequent bathing, deodorant, and hygiene products should be integrated into daily routines.
- Car safety is the leading concern.
- Risky driving behaviors should be monitored.
- Sports injuries can result from strength-based activities and the desire to perform in a way commensurate with peers; medical clearance is advisable.
Adolescents - Overall Wellness
- Tobacco use has decreased, but vaping has increased 150%.
- Drugs are widely available.
- Adolescent pregnancy prevention requires educational outreach.
- Accurate and helpful sex education is vital for teenagers.
- Information on STIs is critical for understanding risks and potential health concerns.
- Education on expected changes during puberty is crucial for emotional and psychological health.
Statement on Risky Play (Canadian Pediatrics Society)
- "Risky play" is defined as exciting free play, involving uncertainty of outcomes and potential injury.
- Crucial for development and related to children's developmental stages, abilities, social skills, and needs.
- Research shows it helps prevent issues like obesity, anxiety, and behavioral problems.
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Description
This quiz covers the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children from preschool to adolescence. It focuses on growth milestones, health risks, and safety concerns for parents. Test your knowledge on normal growth patterns and health promotion strategies for preschool-aged children.
