Questions and Answers
What stage do children develop logical thinking while still focusing on tangible ideas?
Which term describes the aspects of self defined by the 'Me', including material self, social self, and spiritual self?
Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development?
What quality of attachment is most likely to develop when a mother shows sensitivity and consistency to her baby?
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Which widely held assumption about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?
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How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual?
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Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection among children?
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Which demonstrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions?
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Tiffany is 3 years old. She knows that she is a girl but does not understand that her gender is permanent. She has ____ but not _____.
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What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus and other structures?
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What part of the body releases chemicals like adrenaline during stress responses?
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The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers involves which approach?
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What field studies what infants and children understand about others' intentions and emotions?
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What is most likely to affect compliance in fearless children?
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At what age do children exhibit self-recognition and early self-esteem?
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What insight do research studies show regarding gender identity in children within the U.S.?
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Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because they are based on what?
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In Piaget's work, modifying existing knowledge to fit new information is known as what?
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What is an example of a cross-fostering study?
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How do children in middle childhood typically spend their time with peers?
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What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing the permanence of gender membership?
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At what age do babies typically start walking alone?
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What should Marie do about her babysitter calling her daughter 'naughty'?
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What allows us to hold information in working memory for longer than 15 to 30 seconds?
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What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that helps them answer conservation questions?
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What are some symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
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North American children are more likely to incorporate which element into their self-concepts compared to Eastern cultures?
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At what age do children begin to show evidence of emotion regulation?
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Which influence represents an example of a distal process?
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What characteristic in a cultural environment can reduce gendered behavior differences?
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What set of processes involves environmental factors affecting genetic expression?
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What is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status?
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According to Freud, which aspect of adult personality is last to emerge?
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What term describes models of development that view change as continuous?
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Which theorist emphasized continuity in development?
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In Piaget’s stages of moral development, which stage involves strict adherence to rules?
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What is most closely associated with the development of conscience?
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Which set of skills fosters bonding between parent and infant from birth?
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Which domain of self-concept highly correlates with overall self-esteem?
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Stage theories of development typically describe what kind of changes?
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Researchers agree that emotions serve functions in all areas EXCEPT:
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As children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first?
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What does the evidence show about the differential treatment of boys and girls by parents and other adults?
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The attachment system between an infant and caregivers serves three purposes including which of the following?
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Developmentalists’ definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT:
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When a child succeeds at a task with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her:
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What is the episodic representation called when a child has repeated experiences with one kind of event?
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Which discipline method is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and high levels of anxiety?
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Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?
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Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include:
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Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling (ages 7 through 12) according to Jean Piaget?
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According to recent views, the 'Me' includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term?
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Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development?
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If a mother responds promptly to her baby’s crying and shows sensitivity, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop?
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Which widely held assumption about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?
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How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual?
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Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem. Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection?
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Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions?
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Tiffany is 3 years old and believes cutting her hair could change her gender. Tiffany has ____ but not ____.
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What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures?
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When the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks, what part of the body releases chemicals like adrenaline?
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The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers involves which method?
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What field of study examines what infants and children understand about others' intentions?
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Which factor is most likely to affect compliance with fearless children?
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At what age does a child typically exhibit self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy?
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What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to minority children in the U.S.?
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Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because:
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In Piaget’s work with children, he established that a child's process of assimilating new information involves modifying what they know. This aspect of adaptation is known as what?
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In a study, offspring of rats with low stress reactivity raised by unrelated mother rats with high stress reactivity represent what?
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Which statement applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time?
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What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing the permanence of gender category membership?
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For babies with normally developing motor, visual, and auditory processes, at what age do they typically begin walking alone?
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Marie has a 2.5-year-old daughter. The babysitter labels her daughter negatively. What should Marie do?
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What allows us to hold information in working memory for periods longer than 15 to 30 seconds?
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What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that enables them to answer conservation questions correctly?
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Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include:
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Children’s developing self-concepts differ on the basis of cultural values. North American children are more likely to incorporate which element in their self-concepts?
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Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation?
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Which influences represents an example of a distal process?
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What factor in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?
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When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, this set of processes is called:
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Which of the following is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status?
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According to Sigmund Freud, which aspect of adult personality is the last to emerge during development?
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Models of development based on the assumption that change occurs as a continuous process are called:
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Which theorist emphasized continuity in development?
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In Piaget’s stages of moral development, what is the stage where individuals strictly adhere to rules?
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The internalization of rules and standards of behaviors is most closely associated with the development of:
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Which set of dyadic skills is present from birth to foster bonding between parent and infant?
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According to many studies, which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood?
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Stage theories of development typically describe _____ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships.
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Researchers agree that emotions serve functions in all of the following areas EXCEPT:
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Study Notes
Language Learning in Children
- Children first learn the phonology of their language, which involves sounds and pronunciation, serving as a foundation for further language learning.
Differential Treatment of Boys and Girls
- Evidence shows that in many ways, boys and girls are treated similarly by parents, although there may be some exceptions in encouragement.
Attachment System Functions
- The attachment system primarily serves the purpose of protection, ensuring the infant remains close to caregivers for safety.
Self-Concept Definition
- Self-concept is described as dynamic, hierarchical, and multifaceted, but not unidimensional, reflecting the complex identity aspects individuals possess.
Learning with Assistance
- A child succeeds at a task with help when working in their zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the area between what they can do alone and what they can do with assistance.
Event Representation in Children
- Repeated experiences lead children to form a script, a mental representation detailing the sequence of actions in familiar events.
Discipline Methods and Compliance
- Withdrawal of love is a discipline method that can generate immediate compliance while also inducing high anxiety levels in children.
Neuroplasticity Example
- Neuroplasticity is illustrated when transplanted auditory neurons adapt to perform functions in the visual cortex, enabling light perception.
Motor and Visual Milestones at Four Months
- A 4-month-old typically achieves milestones like rolling over, reaching for objects, and visual tracking of moving items.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- The concrete operational stage describes children aged 7-12, where logical thinking develops but remains focused on concrete rather than abstract concepts.
Aspects of Self-Concept
- The concept of the “Me” encompasses the material, social, and spiritual selves, collectively forming an individual’s self-concept.
Types of Memory
- Sensory memory retains a relatively constant capacity regardless of age, processing sensory information for brief periods.
Secure Attachment Development
- A child develops a secure attachment with a responsive, sensitive, and consistent caregiver who promptly meets their needs.
Children Constructing Knowledge
- Jean Piaget proposed that children actively construct their knowledge through experiences rather than merely absorbing information.
Consequences of Prenatal Malnutrition
- Prenatal malnutrition has effects that can last throughout life, influencing both cognitive and physical development.
Self-Protection Strategies in Children
- Children with high self-esteem typically exhibit the highest level of self-protection, employing various strategies to guard their self-worth.
Emotion Regulation in Infants
- Emotional regulation skills begin to develop around one year of age, helping infants manage their emotional responses.
Dyadic Skills in Parent-Infant Bonding
- The recognition system is a set of skills displayed from birth, fostering the bond between a parent and an infant.
Factors Influencing Gender Behavior
- Egalitarianism in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior among children.
Genetic Expression Influences
- The process of how environmental factors affect genetic expression is termed epigenesis.
Risk Factors in Infant Attachment
- Parental arguing and conflict is a contextual risk factor that can negatively influence an infant's attachment security.
Freud's Theory of Personality
- According to Freud, the superego is the last aspect of personality to emerge during development, focusing on moral standards and societal rules.
Continuous Development Models
- Models of development that suggest change occurs in a continuous process are referred to as incremental models.
Adherence to Rules in Piaget’s Morality
- In Piaget’s moral development, individuals in the heteronomous morality stage strictly adhere to rules, believing that rule violations are always punished.
Internalization of Behavior Standards
- The development of conscience is closely associated with the internalization of rules and standards of behavior during childhood.
Children’s Self-Concept and Culture
- North American children are more inclined to emphasize independence in their self-concepts compared to children from Eastern cultures.
Development of Conservation Ability
- The ability to answer conservation questions correctly is empowered by a child's capacity to decenter, allowing them to understand multiple perspectives.
Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) symptoms can include physical traits such as widely spaced eyes and flattened nose among cognitive and behavioral issues.
Social Bonding in Middle Childhood
- Children in middle childhood predominantly spend time with same-sex peers, illustrating gender segregation in play and social interactions.
Recognition of Gender Permanence
- Children recognize the permanence of gender category membership through the concept of gender constancy, realizing that actions do not alter gender identity.### Child Development and Emotional Regulation
- Children with low self-esteem use self-protection strategies to avoid situations that might further harm their self-esteem.
- The still-face paradigm demonstrates infants' ability to use self-soothing strategies when facing unresponsive caregivers, highlighting early emotional regulation skills.
Gender Identity
- Gender identity is the awareness of being a specific gender, while gender stability refers to understanding that gender is permanent.
- Example: A 3-year-old may know she is a girl but thinks cutting her hair can change her gender.
Brain Structure
- The forebrain is the largest part of the brain, encompassing the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system.
Stress Response
- The sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline during stress, initiating the body's 'fight or flight' response.
Discipline Techniques
- Time-out is a method of power assertion with toddlers to calm down and reflect on their behavior.
Social Development
- Theory of mind involves recognizing that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions distinct from one's own and is vital in social development.
Compliance in Children
- Fearless children respond better to rule compliance when a warm parent-child relationship exists, rather than through fear.
Self-Recognition in Infants
- Self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy typically emerge between 15-24 months.
Gender Identity and Social Adjustment
- Gender identity has a more significant impact on social adjustment for White children compared to minority children in the U.S.
Theories of Development
- Development theories are grounded in scientific research, contrasting with subjective opinions.
- Accommodation, as described by Piaget, involves modifying existing knowledge to incorporate new information.
Research Methodology in Genetics
- Cross-fostering studies examine the impact of the environment on behavior by raising offspring with non-biological parents.
Peer Interactions
- During middle childhood, children tend to prefer interacting with same-sex peers, spending significantly more time with them.
Gender Constancy
- Gender constancy refers to understanding that gender remains unchanged regardless of appearance or behavior alterations.
Developmental Milestones
- Most infants begin walking independently around 12 months.
Impact of Negative Labels
- Negative labels, even if not fully understood, can negatively affect a child's self-concept and should be prevented.
Cognitive Processes
- Rehearsal helps maintain information in working memory beyond the typical 15-30 second retention time.
Conservation and Reversibility
- Decentering enables children to consider multiple aspects of a situation, facilitating understanding of conservation and reversible thinking.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms
- Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include widely spaced eyes and a flattened nose, alongside cognitive and behavioral impairments.
Cultural Influences on Self-Concept
- North American children’s self-concepts are more likely to emphasize independence compared to children from Eastern cultures.
Early Emotion Regulation
- Evidence of emotion regulation begins in young infancy through behaviors like self-soothing.
Contextual Influences on Development
- Government policies affecting childcare availability can be considered distal processes influencing child development.
Egalitarianism and Gender Behavior
- Egalitarian cultural environments tend to reduce differences in gendered behavior among children.
Genetic Expression and Environment
- Epigenesis describes how environmental factors influence genetic expression and activation of hereditary material.
Attachment and Parental Conflict
- Parental arguing and conflict act as contextual risk factors that can negatively affect an infant's attachment.
Freud's Developmental Theory
- Freud proposed that the superego, which reflects societal norms, is the last component of personality to develop.
Models of Development
- Incremental models view development as a continuous process, contrasting with stage models that define distinct stages of development.
Piaget's Stages of Moral Development
- Heteronomous morality is characterized by strict adherence to rules, with children believing punishment is inevitable for violations.
Conscience Development
- The conscience represents the internalized rules and standards that guide moral behavior, aiding in distinguishing right from wrong.
Dyadic Skills in Parenting
- The orienting system, present at birth, helps infants engage with caregivers and foster social connections.
Correlation with Self-Esteem
- Physical appearance is a crucial domain that correlates strongly with overall self-esteem from late childhood to adulthood.
Stage Theories of Development
- Stage theories suggest behavioral changes are qualitative, indicating shifts in behavior, cognition, or social relationships.
Functions of Emotions
- Emotions are acknowledged for essential functions in communication, survival, and motivation but are not directly related to intelligence quotient (IQ).
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in child development, focusing on language acquisition and the influence of social learning theories on gender behaviors. It examines what aspects of language children learn first and how parental treatment affects behavior. Test your knowledge on these vital topics in developmental psychology.
