Child Development Quiz: Language Acquisition
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Questions and Answers

What is the concrete operational stage characterized by?

  • Logical thinking focused on tangible ideas (correct)
  • Focus on emotional understanding
  • Abstract reasoning
  • Lack of logical thinking

    • What term includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self?

  • Self-esteem
  • Self-awareness
  • Identity
  • Self-concept (correct)

    • Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development?

  • Long-term memory
  • Sensory memory (correct)
  • Short-term memory
  • Working memory

    • If a mother responds promptly to her baby's needs, what quality of attachment is likely to develop?

    <p>Secure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which widely held assumption about children's cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?

    <p>Children construct their knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual?

    <p>Throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection among children?

    <p>Child with low self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the still-face paradigm illustrate about infants?

    <p>They have natural coping strategies for emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tiffany, a 3-year-old girl, has a gender identity but not gender stability. What does this refer to?

    <p>Recognition of being a girl but not understanding gender permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is the largest and includes structures like the hypothalamus and cerebrum?

    <p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What releases adrenaline during the stress response?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of time-out as a control method with toddlers involves which process?

    <p>Power assertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the field of study focusing on how infants and children understand others' intentions and beliefs?

    <p>Theory of mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most likely to affect compliance in fearless children?

    <p>Warmth of their relationship to the parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a child typically exhibit self-recognition and early self-esteem?

    <p>15-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gender identity affect social adjustment in children?

    <p>It has a greater impact for minority children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do theories of development differ from opinions?

    <p>They are based on scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget’s process of modifying knowledge to fit new information is known as what?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study involves offspring raised by unrelated parents to observe behavior effects?

    <p>Cross-fostering study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children in middle childhood generally spend their time?

    <p>More time with same-sex peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of gender identity involves recognizing permanence?

    <p>Gender constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do babies typically begin walking alone?

    <p>Around 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should Marie do regarding negative labels on her daughter?

    <p>Address them before they impact her self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows us to hold information in working memory longer than 15 to 30 seconds?

    <p>Rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability do children develop that helps them answer conservation questions correctly?

    <p>Ability to decenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include which of the following?

    <p>Widely spaced eyes and flattened nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is more likely to be incorporated by North American children in their self-concepts?

    <p>Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children begin to show signs of emotion regulation?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influence is an example of a distal process in child development?

    <p>Governmental policies for childcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of a cultural environment reduces differences in gendered behavior?

    <p>Egalitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the process where environmental factors influence genetic expression?

    <p>Epigenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status?

    <p>Parental arguing and conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, which aspect of adult personality is the last to emerge?

    <p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What models of development describe changes as continuous?

    <p>Incremental models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist emphasized continuity in development?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget’s stages of moral development, which stage strictly adheres to rules and believes violations are punished?

    <p>Heteronomous morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internalization of rules and behaviors is closely associated with the development of what?

    <p>Conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which set of behavioral skills fosters social bonding between parent and infant from birth?

    <p>Orienting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood?

    <p>Physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stage theories of development typically describe what kind of changes?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotions serve functions in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

    <p>Intelligence quotient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first?

    <p>The phonology of the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evidence show regarding the differential treatment of boys and girls?

    <p>In many ways, boys and girls don’t appear to be treated differently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The attachment system between an infant and caregivers serves three purposes including which of the following?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmentalists’ definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT:

    <p>Unidimensional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her?

    <p>Zone of proximal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the episodic representation that forms from repeated experiences with one kind of event?

    <p>A script</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety?

    <p>Power assertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?

    <p>Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include:

    <p>Rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)?

    <p>Concrete operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to recent views, the 'Me' includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term?

    <p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development?

    <p>Procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a mother responds promptly to her baby’s crying, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop between mother and baby?

    <p>Secure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following widely held assumptions about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?

    <p>Children construct their knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual?

    <p>Throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection?

    <p>Child with low self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions?

    <p>Still-face paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tiffany, a 3-year-old girl, misunderstand regarding her gender identity?

    <p>Gender stability/ Gender constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures?

    <p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, which part of the body releases chemicals such as adrenaline?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers and preschoolers involves which of the following?

    <p>Love withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people’s intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on. This field of study is referred to as?

    <p>Theory of mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most likely to affect compliance with fearless children?

    <p>Warmth of their relationship to the parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy?

    <p>24-36 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to the minority (Black and Hispanic) children in the U.S.?

    <p>Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for minority children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because?

    <p>They are based on scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget’s work with children, he established that a child’s process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit. What is this aspect of adaptation known as?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, what does it mean that offspring of rats with genes low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress reactivity?

    <p>A cross-fostering study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time?

    <p>They spend three times more time with same sex peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender. What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership?

    <p>Gender constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For babies with normally developing motor, visual, and auditory processes, at what age do they typically begin walking alone?

    <p>Around 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advice would you give to Marie regarding her babysitter's negative labels for her daughter?

    <p>Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter’s developing self-understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows us to hold information in working memory and use it for periods longer than 15 to 30 seconds?

    <p>Rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that empowers them to answer conservation questions correctly?

    <p>Ability to decenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>Widely spaced eyes and flattened nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    North American children are more likely than children from Eastern cultures to incorporate which of the following elements in their self-concepts?

    <p>Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation?

    <p>Around the age of two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influence represents an example of a distal process for Juan's care?

    <p>Governmental policies and subsidies for childcare that apply in the city</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?

    <p>Egalitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, what is this known as?

    <p>Epigenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status?

    <p>Parental arguing and conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, which aspect of adult personality is the last to emerge during development?

    <p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Models of development based on the assumption that change occurs as a continuous process are called?

    <p>Incremental models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following theorists emphasized continuity in development?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget’s stages of moral development, what is the stage in which individuals strictly adhere to rules and believe rule violations are always punished?

    <p>Heteronomous morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internalization of rules and standards of behaviors is most closely associated with the development of?

    <p>Conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which set of behavioral skills fosters social bonding between parent and infant?

    <p>Intuitive parenting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood?

    <p>Physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stage theories of development typically describe _____ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships.

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas do emotions serve functions in, EXCEPT?

    <p>Intelligence quotient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language Acquisition

    • Children first learn the phonology of their language, focusing on sounds that form the foundation for words and grammar.

    Differential Treatment and Gender

    • Evidence suggests that boys and girls are often treated similarly by parents and adults, challenging the notion of significant differential treatment despite some variations.

    Attachment Systems

    • The attachment system's primary purpose is protection, ensuring infants remain close to caregivers for safety.

    Self-Concept

    • Developmental definitions of self-concept are dynamic, hierarchical, and multifaceted, with "unidimensional" being an incorrect descriptor.

    Learning and Development

    • The zone of proximal development (ZPD) describes the area where learning occurs with assistance from more knowledgeable individuals.

    Episodic Representations

    • Scripts are mental representations of events' sequences, helping children anticipate outcomes based on repeated experiences.

    Discipline Methods

    • Power assertion is a discipline method that elicits immediate compliance but also increases anxiety in children.

    Neuroplasticity

    • An example of neuroplasticity is when transplanted neurons adapt to new functions, such as auditory neurons processing light in the visual cortex.

    Developmental Milestones

    • Typical motor and visual milestones at four months include rolling over, reaching for objects, and tracking moving visuals.

    Piaget's Stages

    • The concrete operational stage (ages 7-12) involves logical thinking but remains focused on concrete, tangible concepts rather than abstract ideas.

    Concept of Self

    • The "Me" aspect of self-concept includes material, social, and spiritual elements defining individual identity.

    Memory Types

    • Sensory memory maintains a constant capacity across the lifespan, responsible for processing information from senses briefly.

    Secure Attachment

    • Secure attachment develops when caregivers respond sensitively and consistently to infant cues, fostering trust.

    Cognitive Development Assumptions

    • Piaget emphasized that children actively construct their knowledge through environmental interactions, rejecting the idea of passive absorption.

    Prenatal Factors

    • Consequences of prenatal malnutrition can persist throughout life, affecting both physical and cognitive development.

    Self-Esteem Strategies

    • Children employ various strategies for self-esteem protection; those with low self-esteem may exhibit higher levels of self-protection.

    Infant Emotion Regulation

    • Infants naturally develop strategies for coping with emotions, evident through responses observed in the still-face paradigm.

    Gender Identity Development

    • Gender constancy involves recognizing the permanence of gender, contrasting with Tiffany's current understanding of gender stability.

    Brain Structure

    • The forebrain encompasses the largest brain structures, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system.

    Stress Response

    • The sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline during stress responses initiated by the amygdala, energizing the body.

    Discipline with Young Children

    • Time-out as a control method involves love withdrawal, potentially affecting emotional wellbeing.

    Theory of Mind

    • Theory of mind refers to children's understanding of others' mental states, including intentions and feelings.

    Compliance and Discipline

    • Gentle discipline and warmth in parent-child relationships are more effective than harsh discipline for compliant behavior in fearless children.

    Self-Development Stages

    • Self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy typically manifest around 24-36 months.

    Gender Expression and Social Adjustment

    • Gender identity plays a greater role in social adjustment for minority children compared to White children.

    Theoretical Approach to Development

    • Scientific research underpins theories of development, differentiating them from mere opinions.

    Piaget's Assimilation Process

    • Accommodation in Piaget’s framework modifies existing knowledge structures to incorporate new information.

    Cross-Fostering in Research

    • Cross-fostering studies illustrate how environmental factors influence genetically pre-determined behaviors.

    Peer Interaction

    • During middle childhood, children spend significantly more time interacting with same-sex peers compared to mixed-gender interactions.

    Continuity in Development

    • Theories that propose continuous developmental changes are called incremental models.

    Moral Development

    • Heteronomous morality is characterized by strict adherence to rules, with an expectation of punishment for violations.

    Development of Conscience

    • The internalization of societal rules and norms significantly contributes to the development of conscience.

    Dyadic Skills in Attachment

    • From birth, infants exhibit an intuitive parenting system that facilitates bonding with caregivers.

    Self-Concept Correlations

    • Physical appearance correlates strongly with overall self-esteem throughout late childhood and into adulthood.

    Qualitative Changes in Development

    • Stage theories emphasize qualitative changes in behavior and cognitive processes, distinctly differing from incremental models.

    Functions of Emotions

    • Emotions serve communication, survival, and motivation functions, but researchers do not universally agree on their precise definitions.### Self-Protection in Children
    • Children with low self-esteem often implement self-protection strategies to mitigate harm to their self-worth.

    Emotional Regulation in Infants

    • The still-face paradigm is a method demonstrating infants' ability to engage in self-soothing techniques in reaction to unresponsive caregivers.

    Gender Identity in Children

    • At age three, children form a gender identity, which includes the awareness of being a specific gender, but may lack an understanding of gender stability and permanence.
    • Gender constancy refers to the realization that gender remains unchanged by external appearance or behavior.

    Brain Structure

    • The forebrain is the largest part of the brain, encompassing structures critical for complex functions, including the hypothalamus and cerebrum.

    Stress Responses

    • The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating 'fight or flight' responses, releasing chemicals like adrenaline in reaction to stress.

    Child Discipline

    • Time-out represents a power assertion technique, used to encourage toddlers to reflect on their behavior by temporarily removing them from a situation.

    Theory of Mind

    • Theory of mind reflects a child's understanding of others' beliefs, desires, and intentions, essential for social interaction development.

    Parent-Child Relationships

    • Fearless children comply better with rules when nurtured in warm relationships, as opposed to compliance derived from fear-based methods.

    Self-Development Phases

    • Between 15 to 24 months, children demonstrate self-recognition and early self-esteem, indicating feelings of autonomy.

    Gender Identity and Social Adjustment

    • Research indicates gender identity significantly impacts social adjustment for minority children more than for their White peers.

    Theories of Development

    • Developmental theories are distinguished from personal opinions by their foundation in scientific research and systematic study.

    Cognitive Adaptation

    • Accommodation is the cognitive process where children adjust existing knowledge frameworks to integrate new information.

    Cross-Fostering Studies

    • Cross-fostering studies investigate the influence of rearing environments on behavior by employing non-biological caregivers.

    Same-Sex Peer Interaction

    • Children in middle childhood typically spend significantly more time—11 times more—with same-sex peers compared to the opposite sex.

    Emotion Regulation in Early Infancy

    • Signs of emotion regulation, including self-soothing behaviors, can be observed even in young infants.

    Societal Impacts on Child Development

    • Distal processes, such as governmental policies related to childcare, can indirectly shape a child's developmental environment.

    Egalitarianism and Gender Behavior

    • Egalitarian cultural environments are associated with reduced differences in gendered behaviors among children.

    Epigenesis

    • Epigenesis involves environmental influences that modify gene expression, impacting how hereditary material manifests without altering the DNA sequence.

    Attachment and Parental Conflict

    • High levels of parental arguing and conflict can adversely affect the attachment status and emotional development of infants.

    Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

    • In Freud's model, the superego, which embodies ethical standards and societal norms, is the last aspect of personality to develop.

    Incremental Models of Development

    • Incremental models view development as a continuous and gradual process, differing from stage models that segment growth into distinct stages.

    Social Learning Theory

    • Albert Bandura's theories emphasize continuous development shaped by environmental interactions.

    Piaget's Stages of Moral Development

    • Heteronomous morality represents a stage in which children view rules as immutable and believe rule violations result in punishment.

    Development of Conscience

    • The conscience develops through the internalization of societal rules and helps distinguish right from wrong behavior.

    Parent-Infant Bonding

    • The orienting system, necessary for social bonding, is an innate skill present from birth, facilitating caregiver engagement.

    Factors Influencing Self-Esteem

    • Physical appearance is the self-concept domain most strongly correlated with overall self-esteem in late childhood and adolescence.

    Qualitative Changes in Development

    • Stage theories suggest that development involves qualitative changes, indicating shifts in behavior and cognition across different life stages.

    Emotions and Functionality

    • Emotions play crucial roles in communication, survival, and motivation, but they are not directly associated with intelligence quotients (IQ).

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