Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of the 'following in order to lead' approach in teaching children language?
What is the main focus of the 'following in order to lead' approach in teaching children language?
- Guiding children’s discovery of language (correct)
- Setting strict rules for language usage
- Overloading children with new vocabulary
- Encouraging children to talk less
In the IRF model, what does the 'F' stand for?
In the IRF model, what does the 'F' stand for?
- Facilitation
- Feedback (correct)
- Follow-up
- Follow through
What are the two cognitive skills that children possess according to Tomasello's usage-based theory?
What are the two cognitive skills that children possess according to Tomasello's usage-based theory?
- Memory retention and observation
- Imitation and repetition
- Listening and speaking
- Intention-reading and pattern-finding (correct)
Which of the following is an example of a directing exchange?
Which of the following is an example of a directing exchange?
Which dimension is NOT part of Tomasello's usage-based theory of language acquisition?
Which dimension is NOT part of Tomasello's usage-based theory of language acquisition?
Which exchange type involves students responding with an optional follow-up dialogue?
Which exchange type involves students responding with an optional follow-up dialogue?
The interactions in the IRF model primarily take place between which two parties?
The interactions in the IRF model primarily take place between which two parties?
Which of Halliday's functions of language is primarily used to convey desires?
Which of Halliday's functions of language is primarily used to convey desires?
How does intention-reading as described in Tomasello's theory help children?
How does intention-reading as described in Tomasello's theory help children?
What is the purpose of ‘eliciting exchanges’ in the classroom?
What is the purpose of ‘eliciting exchanges’ in the classroom?
What is an example of the regulatory function of language?
What is an example of the regulatory function of language?
Why should parents not use deliberate methods to teach children to talk?
Why should parents not use deliberate methods to teach children to talk?
Which of the following best describes the 'IRF' model in terms of classroom interaction?
Which of the following best describes the 'IRF' model in terms of classroom interaction?
Which approach does Halliday’s functions of language align with regarding children’s language use?
Which approach does Halliday’s functions of language align with regarding children’s language use?
What is the purpose of ‘pattern-finding’ in language acquisition as described by Tomasello?
What is the purpose of ‘pattern-finding’ in language acquisition as described by Tomasello?
Which of the following statements correctly describes an aspect of Halliday's functions of language?
Which of the following statements correctly describes an aspect of Halliday's functions of language?
How does positive reinforcement impact a child's development of expressive language skills?
How does positive reinforcement impact a child's development of expressive language skills?
What role does negative reinforcement play in a child’s language use?
What role does negative reinforcement play in a child’s language use?
Noam Chomsky's concept of the language acquisition device (LAD) suggests that children are:
Noam Chomsky's concept of the language acquisition device (LAD) suggests that children are:
How do children learn to modify their verbal expressions according to the feedback they receive?
How do children learn to modify their verbal expressions according to the feedback they receive?
In what way does praise function within a child's language development?
In what way does praise function within a child's language development?
What is a potential consequence of a lack of acknowledgment for a child's verbal expressions?
What is a potential consequence of a lack of acknowledgment for a child's verbal expressions?
Which feature is NOT part of Chomsky's language acquisition device according to his theory?
Which feature is NOT part of Chomsky's language acquisition device according to his theory?
According to Halliday's functions of language, which function is primarily focused on expressing personal feelings and attitudes?
According to Halliday's functions of language, which function is primarily focused on expressing personal feelings and attitudes?
Flashcards
Usage-based theory
Usage-based theory
A theory stating that language structure arises from language use and children learn language by identifying adult speakers' intentions and extracting patterns from language.
Intention-reading
Intention-reading
The ability of children to understand and interpret the intentions of speakers, particularly when they use language to achieve social goals.
Pattern-finding
Pattern-finding
The ability of children to identify patterns and regularities in language, allowing them to extract abstract linguistic rules.
Functions of language
Functions of language
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Instrumental function
Instrumental function
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Regulatory function
Regulatory function
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Interactive function
Interactive function
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Imaginative function
Imaginative function
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Positive reinforcement in language development
Positive reinforcement in language development
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Negative reinforcement in language development
Negative reinforcement in language development
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Positive feedback in language development
Positive feedback in language development
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Negative feedback in language development
Negative feedback in language development
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Innate Theory of Language Acquisition
Innate Theory of Language Acquisition
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Phonological awareness
Phonological awareness
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Syntactic understanding
Syntactic understanding
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IRF Model
IRF Model
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Informing Exchange
Informing Exchange
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Directing Exchange
Directing Exchange
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Eliciting Exchange
Eliciting Exchange
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Guiding Language Learning
Guiding Language Learning
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Child-led Learning
Child-led Learning
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Complete IRF Exchange
Complete IRF Exchange
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Incomplete IRF Exchange
Incomplete IRF Exchange
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Study Notes
Child Language Acquisition Table of Contents
- Stages of Child Language Acquisition
- Stages of Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget
- The development of children's understanding of grammar
- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
- B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning
- Sinclair's Initiation-Response-Feedback Model (1975)
- Tomasello's usage-based theory (2003)
- Halliday's functions of language (1975)
- Halliady's theory of child language learning (1975)
- Barry Kroll's Theory of writing development (1981)
- Joan Rothery's (1994) 4 categories for evaluating children's writing
- Aitchison's Stages of Children's Linguistic Development (1987)
- Glossary
Stages of Child Language Acquisition
- Pre-Linguistic (0-6 months): Noises include crying, whimpering, and cooing; these are involuntary responses to stimuli, not considered true language
- Babbling (6-8 months): Child hears speech syllables and tries to imitate and repeat them; two types: canonical/repetitive babbling (repeating the same syllables) and variegated babbling (using a variety of syllables).
- Universality of Babbling Inventory: All children produce similar sounds when babbling, irrespective of the language spoken around them.
- Universality of Bubbling Inventory: A universal tendency across language families for children to babble similar sounds, regardless of the specific language the child is exposed to.
- Think of the words: In this stage, children start using the words for items and caregivers.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory posits four stages of cognitive development, with each stage representing a distinct way of understanding the world, from birth to adulthood.
- Schemas: Actions or mental representations that organise knowledge and understanding.
- Assimilation: Incorporating new information into existing schemas; for example a toddler might initially call all vehicles “cars”
- Accommodation: Modifying or creating new schemas to accommodate new information.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
- Vygotsky's theory stresses the importance of social learning.
- More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): Someone with greater knowledge or ability than the learner; this is a facilitator for the child.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The area between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance or help from a knowledgeable partner.
B.F. Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning
- Children imitate the language of their caregivers.
- Successful attempts are reinforced by the caregivers; unsuccessful attempts aren't.
Tomasello's Usages-Based Theory
- Language structure emerges from language use, drawing on general cognitive skills
- Children develop understanding of the intentions of others and the patterns in language.
Halliday's Functions of Language
- Instrumental function: Language is used to fulfil needs
- Regulatory function: Directing or persuading others
- Interactional function: Establishing relationships
- Personal function: Expressing emotions and personality
- Heuristic function: Investigating the world
- Imaginative function: Creating fictional scenarios
- Representational function: Sharing information
Barry Kroll's Theory of Writing Development
- Stage 1: Preparatory: Child masters basic motor and spelling skills.
- Stage 2: Consolidation (up to age 6): Child writes similarly to speaking, declarative and incomplete sentences.
- Stage 3: Differentiation (up to age 9): Child identifies different writing styles and structures.
- Stage 4: Integration (12 and above): Child develops a personal writing style.
Joan Rothery's Categories for Evaluating Children's Writing
- Observation/comment: Making an observation and adding an evaluation.
- Recount: Chronological sequence of events.
- Report: Factual description of events.
- Narrative: Story structure.
Aitchison's Stages of Children's Linguistic Development
- Labelling: Connecting sounds with objects e.g., "Mummy" for mother.
- Packaging: Understanding the range of a word’s meaning and where these can be applied.
- Network Building: Understanding similarities and opposites in meaning.
Sinclair and Coulthard's Initiation-Response-Feedback Model
- A framework for analysing classroom discourse.
- Initiates with the teacher and then responses from the student.
- Lastly, provides feedback from the teacher.
Tomasello's Usage-Based Theory
- Language is structured through use and drawing on general cognitive skills.
- Intentions and patterns in language are identified.
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