Child Development Theories Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Operant Conditioning?

  • Analyzing how internal thoughts and feelings influence actions.
  • Studying how the consequences of behaviors affect their likelihood of occurring again. (correct)
  • Understanding the role of genetics in shaping behavior.
  • Exploring the impact of social interactions on individual development.

In the context of operant conditioning, what is "positive reinforcement"?

  • Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
  • A consequence that introduces a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. (correct)
  • Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
  • Introducing an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Which of the following is the best example of "positive reinforcement" in the provided content?

  • Miranda's mother giving her chocolate milk and a cookie to stop her crying. (correct)
  • Jeremy's father telling him to go and play or “get lost” when Jeremy tried to engage him.
  • Miranda's mother turning off the TV, which led to Miranda throwing a tantrum.
  • Jeremy's father visiting him once a week, initially leading to Jeremy's attempts to engage him.

Based on Operant Conditioning, what is the most likely outcome if Jeremy continues to receive negative responses from his father during visits?

<p>Jeremy will gradually stop trying to engage with his father during visits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between positive reinforcement and punishment?

<p>Punishment focuses on adding something to decrease a behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The quote by Cole, Cole, and Lightfoot (2005) suggests that:

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to B.F. Skinner, what does "positive reinforcement" refer to?

<p>The process of rewarding a behavior to increase its occurrence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the content provided, what is a plausible application of Operant Conditioning in a social context?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

<p>Learning through associating a neutral stimulus with a response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher is primarily associated with classical conditioning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do learning theorists generally view the process of learning?

<p>As dependent on conditioning through environmental interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of learning theories, what does social learning theory emphasize?

<p>Learning through observation and imitation of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the ability to learn by observing others?

<p>Vicarious learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to social cognitive theory, which factor is NOT involved in shaping behavior?

<p>Genetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy primarily related to?

<p>The belief in one's own abilities to succeed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of children imitating someone?

<p>Desire to fit into a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary critique Bandura had regarding traditional learning theories?

<p>They underestimated the role of social relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of reinforcement on future behavior according to Skinner?

<p>It increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is partial reinforcement considered beneficial according to learning theorists?

<p>It teaches children that behaviors will occasionally be rewarded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative effect of using punishment as a behavior modification technique?

<p>It may lead to an increase in undesirable behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is typically observed when undesirable behavior is ignored?

<p>The behavior will likely increase due to lack of attention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of reinforcing desirable behaviors?

<p>To encourage future occurrences of the desired behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind associative learning?

<p>Emotional responses can be conditioned through stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes John Watson's application of Pavlov's theories?

<p>Conditioning emotional reactions in child behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the bell associated with?

<p>Food, which was pleasurable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson's' experiment differ from Pavlov's?

<p>Watson focused on classical conditioning of negative emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect do learning theorists particularly investigate?

<p>Pleasant and unpleasant experiences relation to behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses linked to stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best represents operant conditioning?

<p>A dog learns to sit when given a treat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a response that might be classically conditioned?

<p>Feeling happy when hearing a favorite song. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to influence behavior.

Social Learning Theory

A theory suggesting that people learn by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory identifying five stages of childhood development focused on specific pleasure areas.

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Psychosocial Stages

Erikson's eight stages of development where each stage involves a psychosocial conflict.

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Reinforcement

A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, can be positive or negative.

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Punishment

A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, can be positive or negative.

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Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior some of the time, leading to slower learning but more resilience.

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Desirable vs Undesirable Behavior

Desirable behaviors are encouraged, while undesirable ones are discouraged through punishment or ignoring.

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Social Cognitive Theory

A theory that emphasizes the role of social relationships in learning, proposed by Albert Bandura.

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Vicarious Learning

Learning that occurs through observing others rather than direct experience.

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Imitation

The act of copying the behavior of others, often seen in children learning from role models.

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Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations, influencing the likelihood of imitation.

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Influence of Admiration

Children are more likely to imitate individuals they admire and want to fit in with.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus after a behavior to increase its future occurrence.

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Behavior Consequences

Outcomes that affect whether a behavior will be repeated in the future.

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Behavioral Shaping

Using consequences to guide behavior towards a desired outcome.

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B.F. Skinner

A psychologist known for his work in behaviorism and operant conditioning.

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Social Anxiety and Reinforcement

Even socially anxious individuals can be encouraged through positive reinforcement.

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Example of Tantrum (Miranda)

A child receives a treat after throwing a tantrum, reinforcing the behavior.

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Example of Father Interaction (Jeremy)

A child diminishes interaction after receiving rejection, showing how behavior changes with consequences.

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Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning, specifically the experiment with dogs that salivated at the sound of a bell.

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John Watson

The first theorist to apply Pavlov’s classical conditioning to child development, emphasizing emotional responses in learning.

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Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

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Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response.

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Emotional Conditioning

Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus as a result of previous associations, often influenced by experiences.

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Study Notes

Child Development Theories Review

  • Last class reviewed Freud's 5 psychosexual stages and Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages of development
  • Outcome 3: Discuss child development from psychodynamic, learning, cognitive-developmental, biological, and contextual perspectives

Learning Theories

  • Conditioning is central to learning, according to some theorists
  • Learning involves reacting to environmental conditions—pleasing, painful, or threatening
  • Two types of conditioning: classical and operant

Classical Conditioning

  • Learning occurs through associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to generate a conditioned response
  • Example: Pavlov's dog experiment—a bell (neutral stimulus) paired with food (unconditioned stimulus) eventually caused the dog to salivate (conditioned response) just at the sound of the bell

Classical Conditioning - Key Points

  • Behaviors can be learned by associating them with pleasurable or unpleasant experiences
  • In Pavlov's experiment, the bell was associated with food (pleasurable)
  • In Watson's experiment, a white rat was associated with a loud noise (unpleasant)

The Little Albert Experiment

  • John Watson furthered Pavlov's work by demonstrating classical conditioning in humans
  • A child (Little Albert) was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise

Operant Conditioning

  • B.F. Skinner's theory focused on consequences of behaviour
  • Positive reinforcement increases likelihood of a behaviour by adding a stimulus
  • Negative reinforcement increases likelihood of a behaviour by removing a stimulus
  • Punishment decreases likelihood of a behaviour by adding or removing a stimulus

Operant Conditioning - Key Points

  • Behaviors are learned based on consequences
  • Rewards increase desired behaviours; punishment decreases undesired ones
  • Learning theorists are interested in how pleasant and unpleasant events shape associations

Partial Reinforcement

  • Reinforcing a behaviour sometimes, not consistently, can make it more persistent
  • Children need to learn sometimes their behaviours will not be rewarded
  • We don't want to create "praise junkies"

Avoiding Punishment

  • Punishment can actually increase undesirable behaviours in some cases, rather than minimizing or eliminating them

Social Cognitive Theory

  • Albert Bandura critiqued learning theories for not acknowledging the importance of social relationships.
  • Environment, behaviour, and cognition all play a role in shaping personality
  • Learning can occur by watching others (observational learning); people are more likely to imitate those they admire or want to fit into a group
  • Children learn specific behaviours when they see positive reinforcement

Self-Efficacy

  • The belief in one's own abilities is key
  • Experiences shape our sense of self-efficacy; these beliefs shape behaviour and imitation from others.

Review/Assignments

  • Read Chapter 1
  • Prepare for Quiz 2
  • Consult the librarian (Jacob Fehr) during the Thursday session for research assistance

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