Child Development Theories PDF

DO NOW ⊹ REMINDER: Last class we continued to look at Theories of Child Development × We learned about Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development and Erikson’s 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development Review your notes! We will 1  Outcome 3: Discuss child develop...

DO NOW ⊹ REMINDER: Last class we continued to look at Theories of Child Development × We learned about Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development and Erikson’s 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development Review your notes! We will 1  Outcome 3: Discuss child development from the following theoretical perspectives: psychodynamic, learning, cognitive-developmental, biological, and contextual CLASS 5 CD 1000 Learning Guiding Questions What is classical conditioning? How does it work? What researchers are associated with classical conditioning? What is operant conditioning? How does it work? What researcher is associated with classical conditioning? What is social learning theory? How does it work? What  Learning theories ⊹ According to some learning theorists, conditioning is at the heart of learning;conditioning is the method by which we learn “Human beings at all ages learn about the world…by reacting to conditions, or aspects of their environment, that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening” (Papalia, Olds, Feldman, & Kruk, 2008, p. 27). 4  For example ⊹ If you touch the hot stove, you learn that you can be burned and it hurts! 2 types of conditioning Classical Operant 5  2 types of conditioning Classical Operant Imagine your favourite food. Think about how it smells. When you smell it, you probably begin to salivate. If a horn were to sound whenever you you smelled your favourite food, you would still This is what Ivan Pavlov salivate. did in his Eventually you would salivate just at the experiment 6  ⊹ Theory of associative learning - animals and people can learn to respond in a particular manner to a stimulus that normally would not elicit that type of response ⊹ Eventually, just Russian Physiologist Ivan the sound of the Pavlov researcher’s “ John Watson ⊹ The first theorist to apply Pavlov’s classical conditioning to child development ⊹ Watson wanted to take Watson believed that Pavlov’s work further to learning is the crucial show that emotional factor in determining a reactions could be child’s development and classically conditioned in behaviour; with the 8 people A highly-unethical experiment by John Watson Video 10  r th e s o n g from h e n y ou h e a p e n s w What hap o o l g r ad u ation? h your high sc Reflection Or when you walk past so meone who is wearing the same afters have/cologne as an old boyfriend/girlfriend wore ? 11  Classical conditioning key points ⊹ Behaviors are learned by matching them with either pleasurable or disagreeable/unpleasant experiences ⊹ In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell was associated with something pleasurable: food ⊹ In Watson’s experiment, the rat was associated with something unpleasant: a loud noise ⊹ Learning theorists are interested in how pleasant and unpleasant experiences  2 types of conditioning Classical Operant If you bring your girlfriend flowers and she gives you a big kiss, it’s likely that you’ll continue to bring her flowers (DeMar, 1989, n.p.). In the example above, the The addition of a stimulus individual’s behaviour is being following a behavior, that rewarded. In other words, the increase the likelihood of the behaviour occurring behaviour is being positively again in the future, is called13 reinforced. positive reinforcement. “ B.F. Skinner ⊹ Operant Conditioning: a behavioural theory stating that the consequences of a behaviour can affect the future occurrences of that behaviour ⊹ Can use consequences to Skinner believed that shape the behaviour of even socially anxious others people could become ⊹ Argued that all of our social through the use of 14 “The basic idea... is that organisms will tend to repeat behaviors that lead to rewards and will tend to give up behaviors that fail to produce rewards or that lead to punishment.” (Cole, Cole, & Lightfoot, 2005, p. 148) https://accessibleaba.com/blog/positive-negative-reinforcement 15  For example 4-year-old Miranda threw a temper tantrum this morning when her mother turned off the TV. In order to get Miranda to stop crying, her mother gave her some chocolate milk and a cookie. This afternoon Miranda had another tantrum because 16 she didn’t want to have a  For example Jeremy is 2 years old. His teenaged father has started visiting once a week but doesn’t seem very interested in the child. At first, Jeremy talked to his father and showed off some of his “tricks”; he even offered some of his toys to his dad. The father told him to go and play or to “get lost.” Now when his dad comes to visit, Jeremy rarely 17  Let’s From your own experience, try to think of examples in which: Discuss! l e be h avior w as re w arded undesirable desi rab behavior was rewarded appropriate behaviour was ignored or undesirable behavior was punished ignored or punished 18  operant conditioning ⊹ Reinforcement after a behaviour (positive or negative) will cause future occurrences of that behaviour to increase ⊹ Punishment after a behaviour (positive or negative) will cause future occurrences of that Therefore, behaviour according to Skinner, we should to decrease reinforce desirable behaviours after they occur and ignore or punish undesirable behaviours after they occur. 19  Partial Reinforcement Occurs when we reinforce a child’s behaviour on some occasions and ignore it on others According to learning theorists, it takes longer to learn a behaviour or skill But if this partial sometimes occurs reinforcement can be a good thing because children need to learn that their behaviours will not be positively reinforced all of the time. We don’t want to create “praise junkies”! 20  Avoid using punishment - it can actually increase undesirable behaviours. Caution! “ ⊹ Kyla dips her mothers toothbrush in the toilet every time her mother spanks her. What is the best explanation for this behavior? A. Punishment can lead to anger. B. Punishment is the most effective way to gain cooperation. C. Punishment teaches appropriate behavior. D. Kyla's punishment was not severe enough. 21  Social cognitive theory Albert Bandura ⊹ Critiqued learning theory because it ignored the importance of social relationships ⊹ Believed that environment, behaviour, and cognitions ALL play 1925-2021 a part in shaping Born in Mundare, AB 22  mAIN IDEAS ⊹ People can learn simply by watching those around them ⊹ Imitation - vicarious or observational learning ⊹ Children are more likely to imitate a person they admire ⊹ More likely to imitate when they want to fit into a particular group and when they see a 23 FOOD FOR THO UGHT 24  SELF-EFFICACY “Self-efficacy is the belief we have in our own abilities, specifically our ability to meet the challenges ahead of us and complete a task successfully” (Akhtar, 2008). Bandura argues that experience gives children a sense of self-efficacy These beliefs help determine when children will imitate others  Home Time to write Quiz 2! work ⊹ Make sure you have read all of chapter 1 in the course textbook. ⊹ Thursday we will be having the librarian, Jacob Fehr, in as a guest speaker to help you better understand how to RESEARCH properly (for your assignments) You are responsible for reading the text, even if we do not talk about everything in the text 26