Toddler Development Theories: Freud, Piaget, Erikson

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Questions and Answers

How should nurses approach toilet training during Freud's Anal Stage, and what potential negative outcomes should they avoid?

Nurses should approach toilet training positively, and avoid punishment that may cause shame or anxiety.

In what ways can nurses support and promote cognitive growth in toddlers based on Piaget's transition from the Sensorimotor to the Preoperational Stage?

Nurses should encourage play and exploration, and introduce simple concepts.

According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary conflict that toddlers face, and how does it influence their development of independence?

The primary conflict is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Successfully resolving this conflict allows toddlers to develop independence.

Explain how parents might experience conflicting emotions during the toddler stage as their child transitions from infancy to toddlerhood.

Some parents may miss the nurturing tasks of infancy, while others embrace the energy of engaging with a more active child. Signup and view all the answers

How does a toddler's development of symbolic thinking, as described by Piaget, influence their interactions and understanding of the world?

Toddlers develop symbolic thinking but lack logical reasoning, which influences how they interact with the world. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the key skills learned by toddlers and their impact on overall development.

Toddlers learn to walk/run, talk and assert independence. These skills reshape family dynamics and provides new ways for parents to engage with their children. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how understanding toddler development can assist healthcare professionals in providing holistic care.

By understanding a toddler's stage of development, a healthcare professional can choose better methods to communicate with their patients. The healthcare professional can also teach the parents what to expect, and thus provide better support for the parents. Signup and view all the answers

Can you describe in your own words what a toddler is?

A toddler transitions from dependent infant to walking and talking young one who begins to assert their independence. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg's theory, how do toddlers typically make moral decisions in the preconventional stage, and what is one way nurses can guide parents to support their child's moral development?

Toddlers base moral decisions on avoiding punishment or gaining rewards. Nurses can advise parents to use positive reinforcement and model appropriate behavior. Signup and view all the answers

A toddler is brought in for a check-up. The nurse observes that the toddler has a prominent abdomen and a noticeable lordosis. How should the nurse explain these findings to the parents?

These findings are normal for toddlers because their abdominal muscles are not yet strong, and the spinal curve will correct itself naturally. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a nurse can support a toddler's autonomy during daily care activities, providing specific examples related to feeding or dressing.

Nurses can support autonomy by allowing safe choices and encouraging self-help skills, like allowing the toddler to choose between two outfits or helping with feeding. Signup and view all the answers

At what age should a toddler typically have all 20 deciduous teeth, and what are the names of the teeth that erupt during the second year of life?

A toddler should have all 20 deciduous teeth by 2.5 to 3 years of age. The canines and the first molars erupt during the second year. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why toddlers tend to walk with a wide stance and waddle. What aspect of their physical development contributes to this?

Toddlers walk with a wide stance and waddle because their abdominal muscles are not yet strong. Signup and view all the answers

A nurse is assessing a 2-year-old toddler. List three key physical characteristics that are commonly observed in toddlers of this age.

Speaks in two-word sentences; Pouchy abdomen from weak abdominal muscles; Noticeable lordosis. Signup and view all the answers

Outline two significant changes in the body systems of a toddler compared to an infant?

Heart rate slows from 110 to 90 beats per minute. Stomach secretions become more acidic. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how to interpret BMI percentiles for toddlers, including the ranges that indicate underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese status.

Underweight is <5th percentile; Healthy weight is 5th to <85th percentile; Overweight is 85th to <95th percentile; Obese is ≥95th percentile. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a two-year-old frequently say "No," and what should caregivers understand about this behavior?

Saying "No" is a typical expression of emerging autonomy. Caregivers should recognize it may indicate refusal, misunderstanding, or simply exploration of sounds and boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

How does passive screen time affect language development in toddlers, and what does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend regarding screen time for children under 18 months?

Passive screen time provides minimal language input, hindering language development. The AAP recommends no screen time before 18 months. Signup and view all the answers

Describe two strategies caregivers can use to encourage language development in toddlers during daily routines or play.

Caregivers can name objects during play and daily routines and encourage children to ask for items, reinforcing their requests by repeating and voicing them. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between receptive and expressive vocabulary in active toddlers, and why one might be larger than the other.

Receptive vocabulary is what a child understands, while expressive vocabulary is what they can speak. Active children may have a larger receptive vocabulary because they understand more than they can verbally express. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task of the toddler years, and how should caregivers support this?

The primary developmental task is developing autonomy vs. shame/doubt. Caregivers should provide consistent rules to support healthy autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a toddler's eating habits change as their stomach capacity increases, and at what point are they typically able to eat three meals a day?

As a toddler's stomach capacity increases, they transition to being able to eat three meals a day. This happens as their digestive system matures and can handle larger quantities of food at regular intervals. Signup and view all the answers

How does the play behavior of toddlers at the parallel play stage differ from cooperative play, and why is parallel play considered developmentally normal?

In parallel play, toddlers play beside other children but not with them. It's developmentally normal because they are still developing social skills and learning to share and interact directly. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between myelination of the spinal cord and a toddler's ability to be toilet trained.

Complete myelination of the spinal cord enables control of the urinary and anal sphincters, which is essential for toilet training. Without this myelination, toddlers lack the necessary physiological control. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of imitative play seen in two-year-olds, and explain why this type of play is significant for their development.

A two-year-old caring for a doll or "driving" a car is an example of imitative play. This is significant because it allows them to model adult behaviors, understand roles, and develop social skills. Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding a toddler’s preference for independent play inform the selection of suitable toys, and provide two examples of such toys?

Understanding that toddlers enjoy independent play suggests selecting toys they can manipulate on their own. Examples include toy trucks or squeaky toys. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the changes in a toddler's immune system around the age of 2 years, focusing on antibody production and the waning of passive immunity.

Around 2 years of age, a toddler's IgG and IgM antibody production becomes mature, indicating a more developed immune system. Simultaneously, passive immunity acquired during intrauterine life diminishes, making the toddler more reliant on their own immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

How does a 15-month-old toddler typically interact with small objects and writing tools, according to their fine motor skills development?

A 15-month-old toddler typically puts small pellets into small bottles and scribbles voluntarily with a pencil or crayon. They can also hold a spoon but may turn it upside down on the way to their mouth. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical gross motor skills of an 18-month-old toddler in terms of running, jumping, and stair climbing.

An 18-month-old toddler can typically run and jump in place. They can also walk up and down stairs while holding onto a person's hand or a railing, usually placing both feet on one step before advancing. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the language development milestones typically achieved by a 24-month-old toddler, including vocabulary size and sentence structure.

By 24 months old, a toddler typically has a vocabulary of around 50 words and begins to use two-word sentences, such as 'Daddy go' or 'Dog talks,' combining a noun or pronoun with a verb. Signup and view all the answers

How does a 30-month-old toddler demonstrate their fine motor skills and cognitive understanding through drawing and self-identification?

A 30-month-old toddler can make simple lines or strokes for crosses with a pencil, demonstrating improved fine motor control. Cognitively, they know their full name, can name one color, and hold up fingers to show their age, indicating self-awareness and cognitive development. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between parallel play and imitative play, and provide an example of each as seen in toddlers between 18 and 30 months old.

Parallel play involves playing beside, but not directly interacting with, another child, such as two toddlers playing with blocks in the same area without collaboration. Imitative play involves mimicking household chores or parents' actions, like a toddler pretending to dust furniture. Signup and view all the answers

How does a toddler in Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor development typically approach problem-solving?

Toddlers in this stage begin to use symbolic thought to solve problems, but their reasoning is often prelogical, and they may struggle to differentiate similar objects. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a toddler transitioning to the preoperational stage might react when struggling with a toy or object, according to the provided text.

A toddler may try to adapt the situation to their thoughts rather than adapting their thoughts to the situation. For example, they might shake a hammer instead of pounding with it. Signup and view all the answers

Why might spending quality time with a child help reduce attention-seeking tantrums?

Spending quality time with a child ensures they receive positive attention and recognition, decreasing the need to act out to gain attention. Signup and view all the answers

A child is having a tantrum because they are hungry and tired. What time-out method is most appropriate, and why?

Offering a quiet space to calm down and then addressing their basic needs (food, rest) is most appropriate. This approach recognizes the tantrum's cause and provides comfort rather than punishment. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why simply ignoring a refusal tantrum might not be the most effective strategy.

Ignoring a refusal tantrum doesn't address the child's feeling of powerlessness or their desire to control the situation, potentially escalating the behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for handling destructive tantrums, and what is the rationale behind it?

The recommended approach is to implement a time-out to remove the child from the situation. This helps to ensure the safety of the child and others, prevent further destruction, and allow the child to calm down. Signup and view all the answers

How does deferred imitation relate to the development of symbolic thought in toddlers?

Deferred imitation is when toddlers imitate actions later. This suggests that they can hold a mental representation of an action in mind, which is a clear indication of symbolic thought. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how consistency plays a role in managing refusal tantrums, and explain why it is important.

Being consistent means always following through with the established rules & boundaries. It is important because it teaches the child what to expect, reducing confusion and testing of limits, which in turn reduces refusal tantrums. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developmental Milestones

Key developmental achievements toddlers reach between 1-3 years.

Freud's Anal Stage

Stage where toddlers gain control over bowel and bladder functions (1-3 years).