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Questions and Answers
What virtue is obtained from successfully resolving the crisis during Middle Adulthood in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
What virtue is obtained from successfully resolving the crisis during Middle Adulthood in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Which crisis must be resolved during the Infancy period according to Erikson?
Which crisis must be resolved during the Infancy period according to Erikson?
What is the crisis associated with the Play Age in Erikson's theory?
What is the crisis associated with the Play Age in Erikson's theory?
Which period in Erikson's theory is associated with the crisis 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
Which period in Erikson's theory is associated with the crisis 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
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Which virtue is achieved after resolving the crisis of 'Identity vs. Identity Confusion'?
Which virtue is achieved after resolving the crisis of 'Identity vs. Identity Confusion'?
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At which stage does the child act in order to avoid punishment?
At which stage does the child act in order to avoid punishment?
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Which stage is defined by conformity to rules out of self-interest and mutual benefit?
Which stage is defined by conformity to rules out of self-interest and mutual benefit?
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Which stage exemplifies the behavior of posting charitable acts on social media for approval?
Which stage exemplifies the behavior of posting charitable acts on social media for approval?
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During which stage do individuals follow societal rules to avoid guilt and maintain social order?
During which stage do individuals follow societal rules to avoid guilt and maintain social order?
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How do children behave in Stage 1 of Level I: Preconventional Morality?
How do children behave in Stage 1 of Level I: Preconventional Morality?
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What is the primary motivation for behavior in Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights?
What is the primary motivation for behavior in Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights?
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Which process is not part of cognitive growth according to constructivist theory?
Which process is not part of cognitive growth according to constructivist theory?
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What does equilibration help children achieve?
What does equilibration help children achieve?
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During the sensorimotor stage, what type of reactions help infants learn?
During the sensorimotor stage, what type of reactions help infants learn?
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In Piaget's theory, what are 'schemes'?
In Piaget's theory, what are 'schemes'?
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How do children process new information using assimilation?
How do children process new information using assimilation?
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Which concept relates to the creation of higher-order systems through grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts?
Which concept relates to the creation of higher-order systems through grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts?
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Which aspect of Piaget’s theory was noted to overestimate adults?
Which aspect of Piaget’s theory was noted to overestimate adults?
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Which of the following best describes 'disequilibrium' in cognitive development?
Which of the following best describes 'disequilibrium' in cognitive development?
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What is a characteristic of Autonomous Morality according to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model?
What is a characteristic of Autonomous Morality according to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model?
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Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model involves direct interactions with family and school?
Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model involves direct interactions with family and school?
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In Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, which system represents environmental changes over the lifespan?
In Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, which system represents environmental changes over the lifespan?
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Which of the following best describes the Mesosystem?
Which of the following best describes the Mesosystem?
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At what age do children typically start showing signs of Autonomous Morality?
At what age do children typically start showing signs of Autonomous Morality?
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Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model includes extended family and neighbors?
Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model includes extended family and neighbors?
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How does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model view the child's role in development?
How does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model view the child's role in development?
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Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model includes cultural attitudes and ideologies?
Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model includes cultural attitudes and ideologies?
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At what age do children typically understand that a picture is a symbol of something else?
At what age do children typically understand that a picture is a symbol of something else?
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Which developmental hypothesis suggests that children under age 3 have trouble grasping spatial relationships?
Which developmental hypothesis suggests that children under age 3 have trouble grasping spatial relationships?
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What significant cognitive ability is developed during the pre-operational stage?
What significant cognitive ability is developed during the pre-operational stage?
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Which of these abilities is most prevalent during the symbolic function stage?
Which of these abilities is most prevalent during the symbolic function stage?
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At what age range do children typically enter the intuitive thought substage?
At what age range do children typically enter the intuitive thought substage?
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During which developmental stage do children start to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior?
During which developmental stage do children start to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior?
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What does deferred imitation demonstrate in children's cognitive development?
What does deferred imitation demonstrate in children's cognitive development?
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Which statement best describes egocentrism in the pre-operational stage?
Which statement best describes egocentrism in the pre-operational stage?
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What is a key characteristic of individuals who have reached Stage 6: Universal Principles in moral development?
What is a key characteristic of individuals who have reached Stage 6: Universal Principles in moral development?
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According to Carol Gilligan, how do women differ in their approach to morality compared to men?
According to Carol Gilligan, how do women differ in their approach to morality compared to men?
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What criticism did Carol Gilligan have regarding Kohlberg's moral development theory?
What criticism did Carol Gilligan have regarding Kohlberg's moral development theory?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of heteronomous morality (moral realism) as described by Piaget?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of heteronomous morality (moral realism) as described by Piaget?
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What is meant by 'immanent justice' in Piaget's theory?
What is meant by 'immanent justice' in Piaget's theory?
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Which system in child development considers overarching cultural patterns like dominant beliefs and economic systems?
Which system in child development considers overarching cultural patterns like dominant beliefs and economic systems?
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What is a significant critique of Kohlberg's moral development system with respect to cultural perspectives?
What is a significant critique of Kohlberg's moral development system with respect to cultural perspectives?
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According to the Sociocultural Theory by Vygotsky, what is essential for cognitive development?
According to the Sociocultural Theory by Vygotsky, what is essential for cognitive development?
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According to Kohlberg, what percentage of adults reach Level III of morality?
According to Kohlberg, what percentage of adults reach Level III of morality?
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What does the Exosystem in child development focus on?
What does the Exosystem in child development focus on?
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Which stage is also known as the 'Cosmic Stage' in Kohlberg's theory?
Which stage is also known as the 'Cosmic Stage' in Kohlberg's theory?
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Which concept describes the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with help?
Which concept describes the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with help?
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Which theory posits that cognitive growth is a collaborative process influenced by the child's interactions with their culture?
Which theory posits that cognitive growth is a collaborative process influenced by the child's interactions with their culture?
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What role does language play in Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?
What role does language play in Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?
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What does the Chronosystem in child development include?
What does the Chronosystem in child development include?
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What is the main goal of the 'Strange Situation' experiment by Mary Ainsworth?
What is the main goal of the 'Strange Situation' experiment by Mary Ainsworth?
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Which cognitive skill is primarily developed during the Formal Operational stage?
Which cognitive skill is primarily developed during the Formal Operational stage?
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What describes the preoperational stage concept where a child links two events, especially if they are close in time?
What describes the preoperational stage concept where a child links two events, especially if they are close in time?
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What characteristic is associated with the concept of 'Imaginary Audience' during adolescence?
What characteristic is associated with the concept of 'Imaginary Audience' during adolescence?
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Which concept involves a child's inability to understand that others have different perspectives?
Which concept involves a child's inability to understand that others have different perspectives?
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What term is used for a child’s tendency to see life in inanimate objects?
What term is used for a child’s tendency to see life in inanimate objects?
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How does David Elkind describe adolescents' experience during the Formal Operational stage?
How does David Elkind describe adolescents' experience during the Formal Operational stage?
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Which ability described in the Concrete Operational stage allows children to see the relationship between a whole and its parts?
Which ability described in the Concrete Operational stage allows children to see the relationship between a whole and its parts?
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What does hypothetical-deductive reasoning allow adolescents to do?
What does hypothetical-deductive reasoning allow adolescents to do?
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The process of arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions is known as what?
The process of arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions is known as what?
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What does the development of symbolism in the Formal Operational stage encourage?
What does the development of symbolism in the Formal Operational stage encourage?
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What describes the child's understanding that an action can go in two or more directions?
What describes the child's understanding that an action can go in two or more directions?
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Which of the following is a key feature of the Formal Operational stage?
Which of the following is a key feature of the Formal Operational stage?
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In which Piagetian stage can children start making logical judgments about cause and effect?
In which Piagetian stage can children start making logical judgments about cause and effect?
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What change in social awareness occurs during the Formal Operational stage?
What change in social awareness occurs during the Formal Operational stage?
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At what substage do children begin to anticipate events?
At what substage do children begin to anticipate events?
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What does the development of 'Theory of Mind' in the Preoperational Stage enable children to do?
What does the development of 'Theory of Mind' in the Preoperational Stage enable children to do?
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In Piaget's theory, around what age does the Formal Operational stage typically begin?
In Piaget's theory, around what age does the Formal Operational stage typically begin?
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Which ability involves the use of symbols such as words and mental pictures?
Which ability involves the use of symbols such as words and mental pictures?
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In which substage do infants repeat actions that bring interesting results?
In which substage do infants repeat actions that bring interesting results?
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According to Piaget, at which age can children not engage in deferred imitation?
According to Piaget, at which age can children not engage in deferred imitation?
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When do children begin to coordinate sensory information and grasp objects?
When do children begin to coordinate sensory information and grasp objects?
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What ability involves the mental representation of objects and actions in memory?
What ability involves the mental representation of objects and actions in memory?
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Which substage involves purposefully varying actions to see results?
Which substage involves purposefully varying actions to see results?
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At which substage do children begin to repeat pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance?
At which substage do children begin to repeat pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance?
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What type of imitation involves the use of body parts that babies cannot see?
What type of imitation involves the use of body parts that babies cannot see?
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During which substage do infants use trial and error to solve problems?
During which substage do infants use trial and error to solve problems?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the provided text:
Constructivist Theory
- Children are not born with innate ideas of reality
- Children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences
- Development is the product of children's attempts to understand and act upon their world
Cognitive Growth
- Occurs through three related processes:
- Organization: creating categories to organize information
- Adaptation: handling new information in light of what they already know
- Equilibration: wanting what they understand of the world to match what they observe around them
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years old)
- Infants use senses and motor skills to understand the world
- Circular Reactions: learning to reproduce events originally discovered by chance
- Schemes: actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects
- Assimilation: incorporating new info into existing cognitive structures
- Accommodation: adjusting cognitive structures to fit new info
- Organization: grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order systems
Psychosocial Theory by Erikson
- Crisis: each stage is a turning point that can have a positive or negative outcome
- Virtue: each stage's outcome yields a positive trait
- See table for stages, crises, and virtues
Representation Ability
- Ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory
- Develops through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental pictures
- Key milestones:
- Children under 18 months can't engage in deferred imitation
- Children between 15-19 months can point at a picture of an object and say its name
Dual Representation Hypothesis
- Children under 3 struggle to understand spatial relationships due to difficulty recognizing multiple mental representations
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)
- Children expand on using symbolic thought
- Use words, images, and drawings to represent ideas
- Engage in egocentrism and magical beliefs
- Can do mentally what they used to only do physically
- Key milestones:
- Egocentrism: can't take another's perspective
- Centration: focusing on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others
- Irreversibility: failure to understand that an action can go in two or more directions
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old)
- Children can think logically because they can take multiple aspects of situations into account
- Develop spatial concepts, causality, and categorization
- Key milestones:
- Seriation: arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions
- Transitive Inferences/Transivity: e.g., A < B < C
- Class Inclusion: understanding categories within a whole
Formal Operational Stage (11+ years old)
- Abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning
- Use symbols to represent ideas and scenarios
- Self-consciousness and imaginary audience
- Key milestones:
- Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: testing hypotheses and reaching conclusions
- Imaginary audience: creating a mental representation of how others view them
- Self-consciousness: analyzing one's own thoughts and emotions
Moral Development by Kohlberg
- Level I: Preconventional Morality (3-7 years old)
- Obedience and Punishment Orientation
- Individualism and Exchange
- Level II: Conventional Morality (Morality of Conventional Role Conformity) (8-13 years old)
- Good Interpersonal Relationship
- Maintaining Social Order
- Level III: Postconventional Morality (Morality of Autonomous Moral Principles) (14+ years old)
- Social Contract and Individual Rights
- Autonomous Morality (Moral Relativism)
Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner
- Microsystem: direct environment, e.g., family, friends, school
- Mesosystem: linkages between microsystems, e.g., home and school
- Exosystem: external environments that indirectly influence the child, e.g., extended family
- Macrosystem: cultural patterns and values
- Chronosystem: environmental changes over the lifespan
Child Development Theories
- Sociocultural Theory by Vygotsky: cognitive development is shaped by sociocultural context
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): gap between what a child can do alone and with assistance
- Scaffolding: supportive assistance given to a child to help them learn
- Attachment Theory by Ainsworth and Mahler: reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between infant and caregiver
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Description
Explore the principles of Constructivism and Cognitive Growth in Child Development, including how children actively construct their understanding of the world through experience and adaptation.
