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Questions and Answers
What is the primary emotional response of children with a secure attachment style when their caregiver returns?
What is the primary emotional response of children with a secure attachment style when their caregiver returns?
What is the sensitive period for language development in children?
What is the sensitive period for language development in children?
Which attachment style is characterized by children being wary of a stranger and ambivalent towards their caregiver upon reunion?
Which attachment style is characterized by children being wary of a stranger and ambivalent towards their caregiver upon reunion?
What percentage of US children typically demonstrate a disorganized attachment style?
What percentage of US children typically demonstrate a disorganized attachment style?
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Which of the following is NOT a common concern noticed by parents of toddlers with autism?
Which of the following is NOT a common concern noticed by parents of toddlers with autism?
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How many children out of 44 are estimated to be affected by autism in the United States?
How many children out of 44 are estimated to be affected by autism in the United States?
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Children with an avoidant attachment style are likely to exhibit which behavior during the reunion with their caregiver?
Children with an avoidant attachment style are likely to exhibit which behavior during the reunion with their caregiver?
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What overall trend can be observed in children with secure attachment styles regarding exploration?
What overall trend can be observed in children with secure attachment styles regarding exploration?
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Which division is NOT part of the Early Language Milestone Scale-Second Edition?
Which division is NOT part of the Early Language Milestone Scale-Second Edition?
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What is a characteristic of autism spectrum disorder in toddlers regarding sensory response?
What is a characteristic of autism spectrum disorder in toddlers regarding sensory response?
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Which of the following behaviors is commonly associated with children exhibiting a disorganized attachment style?
Which of the following behaviors is commonly associated with children exhibiting a disorganized attachment style?
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What role do caregivers play in shaping a child's attachment style?
What role do caregivers play in shaping a child's attachment style?
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At what age do infants begin to show awareness of helping others?
At what age do infants begin to show awareness of helping others?
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What is the percentage of individual differences in trait empathy attributed to genetics by the age of two?
What is the percentage of individual differences in trait empathy attributed to genetics by the age of two?
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Which of the following factors enhances empathy in toddlers?
Which of the following factors enhances empathy in toddlers?
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What do toddlers primarily respond to when showing empathic concern?
What do toddlers primarily respond to when showing empathic concern?
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What develops in infants alongside their internal working models of safety and care?
What develops in infants alongside their internal working models of safety and care?
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Which age mark the beginning of true empathic concern in infants?
Which age mark the beginning of true empathic concern in infants?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of toddlers who play more with their mothers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of toddlers who play more with their mothers?
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What is a common motivation for infants by six months of age?
What is a common motivation for infants by six months of age?
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During which developmental phase do empathic behaviors begin to stabilize in toddlers?
During which developmental phase do empathic behaviors begin to stabilize in toddlers?
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At what age do infants begin to babble in a manner specific to their native language?
At what age do infants begin to babble in a manner specific to their native language?
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What is a phoneme?
What is a phoneme?
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What percentage of infant vocalizations at 3, 6, and 10 months are related to verbal self-play rather than social interaction?
What percentage of infant vocalizations at 3, 6, and 10 months are related to verbal self-play rather than social interaction?
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What are morphemes?
What are morphemes?
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What does pragmatics refer to in communication?
What does pragmatics refer to in communication?
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How do infants respond to the sounds of languages around the world?
How do infants respond to the sounds of languages around the world?
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What is syntax in terms of language?
What is syntax in terms of language?
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What happens to an infant's ability to appreciate differences between language sounds by 7 months?
What happens to an infant's ability to appreciate differences between language sounds by 7 months?
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Which of the following is an example of a pragmatic rule?
Which of the following is an example of a pragmatic rule?
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What is the relationship between the syntax of language and the syntax of music?
What is the relationship between the syntax of language and the syntax of music?
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What can infants typically do by 4 to 6 months?
What can infants typically do by 4 to 6 months?
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At what age do infants start to react to loud sounds?
At what age do infants start to react to loud sounds?
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What developmental milestone occurs between 1 to 2 years?
What developmental milestone occurs between 1 to 2 years?
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Which of the following is a typical behavior of a child aged 7 months to 1 year?
Which of the following is a typical behavior of a child aged 7 months to 1 year?
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What is NOT typically observed in infants from birth to 3 months?
What is NOT typically observed in infants from birth to 3 months?
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By their first birthday, how many words might a child be able to say?
By their first birthday, how many words might a child be able to say?
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What does the term 'babbles' refer to in infants aged 7 months to 1 year?
What does the term 'babbles' refer to in infants aged 7 months to 1 year?
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At what age do children typically start to point to parts of the body when asked?
At what age do children typically start to point to parts of the body when asked?
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Which language milestone is associated with the ability to follow simple commands?
Which language milestone is associated with the ability to follow simple commands?
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What emotional response do infants exhibit from birth to 3 months when hearing their caregiver's voice?
What emotional response do infants exhibit from birth to 3 months when hearing their caregiver's voice?
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Study Notes
Infant/Toddler Psychosocial Development
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Infants exhibit attraction to pleasurable situations and withdrawal from unpleasant. The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) is active during attraction, and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is active during withdrawal.
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Emotional responses are limited at birth, as brain circuits for controlling emotions are not fully formed.
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Primary emotions include interest/curiosity (3 months), surprise (6 months), joy (2 months), pain (birth), sadness (3 months), disgust (birth), anger (4-6 months), and fear (7 months).
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Temperament refers to individual differences in behavioral responses that are present at birth, persist over time, and influence how caregivers interact with the infant.
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Key questions to consider for measuring temperament include: how do caregivers experience their infant, what infant characteristics become adult personality, and what biological differences cause behavioral differences..
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"Goodness of fit" refers to the match between infant and caregiver styles; a good fit results in smooth communication and interaction.
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Difficult infants show negative reactions and crying frequently, while easy infants adapt well to routines and slow-to-warm-up infants react less intensely to new situations.
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The mother-infant system is influenced in both directions. Easy temperaments lead to more positive interactions.
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Biological markers of temperament include frontal EEG asymmetry, skin conductance, and heart rate variability (RSA).
Infant Social Behavior
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Infant behavior communicates needs.
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Infants and toddlers develop trust through responsive care.
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Attachment, caregiving, dominance, and sex are four behavioral systems that develop sequentially.
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Infant emotional expressions are recognized and understood by caregivers. Babies show distress at separation from caregivers.
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Children with secure attachment styles are easily soothed by caregivers, avoidant children avoid caregivers, and disorganized children display inconsistent attachment.
The Biopsychology of Temperament
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Temperament is related to the functions of the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS).
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Biological markers such as frontal EEG asymmetry, skin conductance activity, and heart rate variability predict emotional expressions.
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Individual differences exist in temperament and these differences affect emotional regulation and other behaviors.
Self-Regulation
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Self-regulation involves controlling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
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Co-regulation refers to the caregiver taking control of the child's emotional regulation in the early months of life.
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Infants develop coping strategies over time to regulate their emotions.
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Attention control, arousal regulation, and distraction improve throughout the early years.
Language Development
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Infants are fundamentally motivated to learn to communicate.
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The development of language begins with basic reflexes and is influenced by caregivers' responsive interaction.
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Infants' initial vocalizations are fundamental to language development.
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The ability to comprehend and produce language evolves rapidly in early childhood.
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Exposure to language and caregiver interaction strongly influences early language acquisition and development.
Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Behaviors seen in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) include social skills challenges, repetitive behaviors, communication issues, and nonverbal communication.
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Early intervention improves outcomes.
Assessment of Infant-Toddler Development
- Assessments such as the NBAS, ELM scale-2, Ages and Stages Questionnaires, and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development are used to evaluate development.
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Description
Test your knowledge on child development theories, particularly focusing on attachment styles and their implications. This quiz covers various aspects of attachment, language development, and autism in children. Challenge yourself to identify key characteristics and statistical insights related to these topics.
