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Questions and Answers
At what age does the differentiation stage occur?
At what age does the differentiation stage occur?
Which term describes the development of a mental model of the mother that supports the child even when they are apart?
Which term describes the development of a mental model of the mother that supports the child even when they are apart?
What distinguishes the identity status of foreclosure?
What distinguishes the identity status of foreclosure?
What is the primary behavior observed during the practicing stage?
What is the primary behavior observed during the practicing stage?
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Which identity status involves actively exploring options but has not yet made a commitment?
Which identity status involves actively exploring options but has not yet made a commitment?
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At what age does the rapprochement stage typically occur?
At what age does the rapprochement stage typically occur?
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Which term signifies a period of conscious decision making in identity formation?
Which term signifies a period of conscious decision making in identity formation?
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Which developmental stage involves the toddler gaining motor skills to explore independently?
Which developmental stage involves the toddler gaining motor skills to explore independently?
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What is the main objective of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
What is the main objective of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
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In Social Learning Theory, what term describes the confidence in one's ability to succeed?
In Social Learning Theory, what term describes the confidence in one's ability to succeed?
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Which learning theory emphasizes 'learning by doing'?
Which learning theory emphasizes 'learning by doing'?
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What happens to a behavior in operant conditioning when it is no longer reinforced?
What happens to a behavior in operant conditioning when it is no longer reinforced?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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In Social Learning Theory, which concept explains that learning can occur by watching others?
In Social Learning Theory, which concept explains that learning can occur by watching others?
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What does the principle of Reciprocal Determinism in Social Learning Theory suggest?
What does the principle of Reciprocal Determinism in Social Learning Theory suggest?
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In Experiential Learning Theory, what does a 'Concrete Experience' involve?
In Experiential Learning Theory, what does a 'Concrete Experience' involve?
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During which phase is the infant primarily focused on achieving a state of equilibrium?
During which phase is the infant primarily focused on achieving a state of equilibrium?
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At what age does the symbiotic phase typically end?
At what age does the symbiotic phase typically end?
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What concept allows the child to become independent from the mother during individuation?
What concept allows the child to become independent from the mother during individuation?
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Which developmental phase first shows a child acknowledging the existence of the mother?
Which developmental phase first shows a child acknowledging the existence of the mother?
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Which phase involves the child being unaware of their surroundings and only cognizant of themselves as one with their mothers?
Which phase involves the child being unaware of their surroundings and only cognizant of themselves as one with their mothers?
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What is the primary developmental goal of the Normal Autistic Phase?
What is the primary developmental goal of the Normal Autistic Phase?
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What age range does the Separation-Individuation phase cover?
What age range does the Separation-Individuation phase cover?
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Which of the following is a possible consequence of disruptions in the normal developmental trajectory?
Which of the following is a possible consequence of disruptions in the normal developmental trajectory?
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Which parenting style is associated with secure attachment?
Which parenting style is associated with secure attachment?
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How do children with avoidant attachment typically behave when their caregiver leaves and returns?
How do children with avoidant attachment typically behave when their caregiver leaves and returns?
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At what stage of attachment development do infants start seeking physical proximity and contact with objects of attachment?
At what stage of attachment development do infants start seeking physical proximity and contact with objects of attachment?
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Which of the following describes the ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately to each other's emotional states?
Which of the following describes the ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately to each other's emotional states?
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Which attachment style is characterized by high avoidance and high anxiety?
Which attachment style is characterized by high avoidance and high anxiety?
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According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what activates the attachment behavior system in a child?
According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what activates the attachment behavior system in a child?
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What kind of attachment style do adults who devalue attachment relationships typically exhibit?
What kind of attachment style do adults who devalue attachment relationships typically exhibit?
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What is the principle that emphasizes the need to form attachment to one significant person called?
What is the principle that emphasizes the need to form attachment to one significant person called?
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Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of ambivalent attachment in children?
Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of ambivalent attachment in children?
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Which of the following is NOT correct about children with disorganized-disoriented attachment?
Which of the following is NOT correct about children with disorganized-disoriented attachment?
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At which stage do infants form an internal mental representation of their attachment object?
At which stage do infants form an internal mental representation of their attachment object?
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What is the term for distress experienced by a child when a familiar caregiver leaves?
What is the term for distress experienced by a child when a familiar caregiver leaves?
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What is the typical reaction of securely attached children to strangers by the age of 8 or 9 months?
What is the typical reaction of securely attached children to strangers by the age of 8 or 9 months?
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Which system in a child is deactivated when they feel secure?
Which system in a child is deactivated when they feel secure?
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According to Bowlby, how do attachment styles develop?
According to Bowlby, how do attachment styles develop?
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At what age do children start using a variety of behaviors to influence the objects of attachment to satisfy their needs for safety and closeness?
At what age do children start using a variety of behaviors to influence the objects of attachment to satisfy their needs for safety and closeness?
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Which learning style is characterized by abstract conceptualization and reflective observation?
Which learning style is characterized by abstract conceptualization and reflective observation?
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Which learning style involves finding practical uses for theories and experimenting with new ideas?
Which learning style involves finding practical uses for theories and experimenting with new ideas?
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Which of the following disciplines does Wilson's evolutionary theory draw from?
Which of the following disciplines does Wilson's evolutionary theory draw from?
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Which learning style involves carrying out plans and enjoying challenging experiences?
Which learning style involves carrying out plans and enjoying challenging experiences?
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What is the main principle of natural selection in Wilson's evolutionary theory?
What is the main principle of natural selection in Wilson's evolutionary theory?
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How does Wilson's evolutionary theory explain human nature and culture?
How does Wilson's evolutionary theory explain human nature and culture?
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What does ethology primarily study?
What does ethology primarily study?
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Which theory applies Darwinian principles specifically to human behavior?
Which theory applies Darwinian principles specifically to human behavior?
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Who proposed the principle of survival of the fittest?
Who proposed the principle of survival of the fittest?
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What does Social Role Theory trace the process of?
What does Social Role Theory trace the process of?
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Which dimension is NOT one of the four in which social roles differ?
Which dimension is NOT one of the four in which social roles differ?
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Which developmental principle indicates that abilities can be improved with training and practice?
Which developmental principle indicates that abilities can be improved with training and practice?
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What does the 'Contextual' principle of development indicate?
What does the 'Contextual' principle of development indicate?
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How do the principles of development describe the allocation of resources throughout different life stages?
How do the principles of development describe the allocation of resources throughout different life stages?
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Which chromosomal abnormality is associated with an extra X chromosome (XXY)?
Which chromosomal abnormality is associated with an extra X chromosome (XXY)?
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What treatment is commonly used for individuals with Turner Syndrome?
What treatment is commonly used for individuals with Turner Syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cystic Fibrosis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cystic Fibrosis?
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Which condition is associated with the accumulation of lipids in the nervous system (NS)?
Which condition is associated with the accumulation of lipids in the nervous system (NS)?
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Which condition involves the limitation of the body's oxygen supply?
Which condition involves the limitation of the body's oxygen supply?
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What is the best treatment for managing Hemophilia?
What is the best treatment for managing Hemophilia?
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Which learning style involves using theories, logic, and ideas rather than feelings to understand problems or situations?
Which learning style involves using theories, logic, and ideas rather than feelings to understand problems or situations?
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Which learning style emphasizes reflecting on new experiences with existing knowledge and understanding?
Which learning style emphasizes reflecting on new experiences with existing knowledge and understanding?
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Which learning style is best for situations that call for generating ideas, preferring groups, and receiving personalized feedback?
Which learning style is best for situations that call for generating ideas, preferring groups, and receiving personalized feedback?
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Which learning style involves taking a practical approach and being concerned with what really works?
Which learning style involves taking a practical approach and being concerned with what really works?
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Which learning style reflects on a new experience without necessarily taking any action?
Which learning style reflects on a new experience without necessarily taking any action?
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Which learning style would likely adapt thinking or construct new ideas based on experience and reflection?
Which learning style would likely adapt thinking or construct new ideas based on experience and reflection?
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What is the main symptom of anencephaly?
What is the main symptom of anencephaly?
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Which condition is associated with the need for a kidney transplant?
Which condition is associated with the need for a kidney transplant?
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Which treatment option is available for polycystic kidney disease?
Which treatment option is available for polycystic kidney disease?
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Which of the following conditions has no available treatment?
Which of the following conditions has no available treatment?
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Which of the following conditions involves severe anemia that can be fatal in adolescence or young adulthood?
Which of the following conditions involves severe anemia that can be fatal in adolescence or young adulthood?
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Study Notes
Attachment Styles
- Secure Attachment: develops foundation for psychological development; characterized by balance between dependency and exploration, emotions, and thought; parenting style: sensitive and responsive
- Avoidant Attachment: outwardly unaffected by caregiver's leaving or returning; grows up to be dismissing adults; parenting style: inconsistent and unresponsive
- Ambivalent Attachment: anxious even before caregiver leaves; clingy and pushy when comforted; grows up to be enmeshed adults; parenting style: rejecting and unresponsive or intrusive and overly stimulating
- Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment: lacks cohesive strategy to deal with stress; shows contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected behaviors; parenting style: frightened and frightening
Mahler's Separation-Individuation Theory
Psychological Birth
- focused on independence (1-3 years old)
- successful completion of developmental stages results in separation and individuation
Separation
- internal process of mental separation from mother
Individuation
- developing self-concept
- capacity to represent mother internally, allowing independence from mother
Normal Autistic Phase (0-1 month)
- first weeks of life; infant focused on self; uninterested in external stimuli
- primary goal: achieve equilibrium, lacking understanding of external satisfaction
Normal Symbiotic Phase (1-5 months)
- first 6 months of life; child gains awareness of caregivers but lacks individuality
- acknowledges mother's existence as main source of need-satisfaction
Separation-Individuation (5-24 months)
- child develops sense of self, separated from mother
Mutual Regulation
- ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states
Five Stages of Attachment Development
- Stage 1 (Birth to 3 months): Infants use sucking, rooting, grasping, smiling, etc. to maintain closeness with caregivers
- Stage 2 (3 to 6 months): Infants are more responsive to familiar figures than to strangers
- Stage 3 (6 to 9 months): Infants seek physical proximity and contact with objects of attachment
- Stage 4 (9 to 12 months): Infants form internal mental representation of object of attachment, including expectations about caregiver's responses to signals of distress
- Stage 5 (12 months and older): Child uses various behaviors to influence caregiver's behavior, satisfying needs for safety and closeness
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
- Attachment Behavior System: complex set of reflexes and signaling behaviors that bring about caregiving responses from adults
- Principle of Monotropy: need to form attachment to one significant person
- Internal Working Model of Attachment: repeated attachment experiences develop expectations about caregiver's availability and responsiveness
- Separation Anxiety: distress when a familiar caregiver leaves
- Protest: resistance to soothing from others when caregiver leaves
Understanding Identity Development
- Differentiation: child gains awareness of separation from mother (5-10 months)
- Practicing: child gains motor skills, exploring the world independently (10-16/18 months)
- Rapprochement: child becomes anxious about separation from mother, regaining closeness (18-24 months)
- Object Constancy: development of internalized mental model of mother, accompanying the child even when physically separated (24+ months)
Identity Formation by Marcia
- Crisis: period of conscious decision-making
- Commitment: personal investment in an occupation or ideology
4 Types of Identity Status
- Identity Achievement: crisis leading to commitment
- Foreclosure: commitment without crisis
- Moratorium: crisis with no commitment
- Identity Diffusion: no commitment, no crisis
Learning Theories
- Behaviorism: observed behavior as a predictable response to experience
- Operant Conditioning: consequences of operating on the environment; reinforcements and punishments
- Social Learning Theory: reciprocal determinism; cognitive processes at work when observing models and learning chunks of behavior
Experiential Learning Theory
- "learning by doing"
- focuses on the best way to learn through experiences
Concrete Experience
- new experience or situation, or reinterpretation of existing experience in light of new concepts
4 Basic Learning Styles
- Reflective Observation: reflects on new experience in light of existing knowledge
- Abstract Conceptualization: reflection gives rise to new idea or modification of existing abstract concept
- Active Experimentation: applying new ideas to the world around them
- Diverging: concrete experience and reflective observation tend to perform better in situations that call for generation of ideas
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Description
This quiz covers the different attachment styles, including secure and avoidant attachment, and their effects on psychological development. Learn about the characteristics of each style and their underlying parenting styles.
