Chemotherapy Drugs in Oncology

<p>Skin toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History of adverse effects to the cytotoxic drug itself (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administration of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because small dosing variations can lead to severe toxicity or under-dosing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body weight alone without patient height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs cleared through glomerular filtration, like carboplatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small variations in dose can greatly impact outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They mimic normal substances found within the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pemetrexed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6-thioguanine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit the synthesis of DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It attacks specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment contributing to cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estramustine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They affect specific phases of the cell cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine deaminase inhibitor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant derivatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cisplatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit topoisomerase enzymes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ifosfamide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxorubicin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboplatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cell-cycle phase specific. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vinca Alkaloids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Etoposide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis-inducing drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Everolimus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal Agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit estrogen production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sunitinib (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They target specific hormones related to cancer growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can have delayed adverse effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tamoxifen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

They are most effective when cancer cells are in the resting phase, before they start dividing.

Alkylating agents are drugs that can directly damage the DNA of cancer cells and stop them from multiplying.

The action of these agents is not limited to a specific stage of the cell cycle; they can damage DNA regardless of where the cell is in its lifecycle.

Plant-sourced chemicals that interfere with cancer cell division by disrupting the creation of microtubules, essential for cell structure and division.

Plant Derivatives often target cancer cells during specific phases of their division, making them more effective against actively dividing cancer cells.

Topoisomerase inhibitors block enzymes that are essential for DNA replication in cancer cells, halting their growth and spread.

Topoisomerase inhibitors bind to the enzyme, topoisomerase, and interfere with its ability to regulate the unwinding and rewinding of DNA strands during replication, ultimately disrupting the cell's ability to duplicate properly.

Topoisomerase inhibitors are divided into two categories, depending on which specific type of topoisomerase enzyme they target.

These antibiotics come from a special type of soil fungus and are used to treat cancer by interfering with the cell cycle at different stages.

Antitumor antibiotics often target actively dividing cancer cells, interfering with their ability to replicate. They have the potential to damage normal cells, but they are carefully designed to minimize side effects.

Antimetabolites are cancer drugs that resemble normal substances inside cells. They disrupt the normal functions of these substances, ultimately stopping cancer cell growth.

Cell-cycle specific agents attack cancer cells during specific phases of their life cycle.

Folic acid antagonists block the use of folic acid, a vitamin important for DNA synthesis. This blocks the production of new cells, including cancer cells.

Pyrimidine antagonists interfere with the use of pyrimidines, building blocks for DNA and RNA. This disrupts the genetic machinery of the cell.

Purine antagonists prevent the use of purines, another important component of DNA and RNA. This interferes with cancer cell growth.

Adenosine deaminase inhibitors disrupt the action of an enzyme crucial for immune cells. This leads to a build-up of a molecule that can suppress the immune system.

Targeted therapy attacks specific genes, proteins, or tissue environments that contribute to cancer growth and survival. It is specific to cancer cells and spares normal cells.

Targeted therapy is generally milder than conventional chemotherapy because it focuses on cancer-specific targets and avoids damaging normal cells.

The relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect on the body. A steep dose-response relationship means small changes in dose can lead to large differences in effect.

The range of doses that are effective without causing unacceptable side effects.

A method of calculating drug dosage based on the patient's body surface area (BSA).

A method of calculating drug dosage based on the amount of drug that remains in the body over time.

A type of drug that targets specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer growth.

Monoclonal antibodies target specific proteins on cancer cells, interfering with their growth or signaling pathways. Examples include Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Cetuximab, and Rituximab.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors block the activity of tyrosine kinases, enzymes that control cell growth and division. Imatinib is a notable example.

Apoptosis-inducing drugs promote the programmed death of cancer cells. Bortezomib is an example.

Angiogenesis inhibitors block the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Bevacizumab, Sunitinib, and Thalidomide are examples.

mTOR inhibitors target the mTOR pathway, a critical signaling pathway involved in cell growth and proliferation. Everolimus is a common example.

Hormone therapy aims to manipulate hormone levels or block their action in cancer cells, effectively hindering tumor growth. This approach is tailored to specific cancer types.

Adrenal steroid inhibitors like Aminoglutethimide and Mitotane block the production of cortisol, potentially impacting certain cancers.

Antiandrogens like Bicalutamide, Flutamide, and Nilutamide block the action of androgens, commonly used in prostate cancer treatment.

Aromatase inhibitors such as Anastrozole, Exemestane, and Letrozole block the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens.

Cytotoxic drugs, also known as chemotherapy drugs, directly damage cancer cells or inhibit their growth. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and bone marrow suppression.

Adjusting the dosage of a drug based on factors like blood cell counts, kidney function, liver function, and past adverse effects.

A type of side effect from cancer drugs that affects blood cells, particularly white blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets.

A factor that affects dose modification of drugs, particularly in patients with impaired kidney function. It reflects how well the kidneys are filtering waste products.

A side effect of immunotherapy that affects the skin, causing inflammation and irritation.

A side effect of immunotherapy that affects the lungs, causing inflammation and difficulty breathing.