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Questions and Answers
Which factor does NOT typically influence dose modification of cytotoxic drugs?
Which factor does NOT typically influence dose modification of cytotoxic drugs?
Which toxicity requires dose modification based on bilirubin levels?
Which toxicity requires dose modification based on bilirubin levels?
What type of toxicity is primarily associated with immunotherapy?
What type of toxicity is primarily associated with immunotherapy?
Which of the following is considered an endocrinopathy related to immunotherapy?
Which of the following is considered an endocrinopathy related to immunotherapy?
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What factor may cause differences in dosing when administering cytotoxic drugs?
What factor may cause differences in dosing when administering cytotoxic drugs?
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What can reduce the duration and severity of neutropenia in selected patients?
What can reduce the duration and severity of neutropenia in selected patients?
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What is a primary consideration when dosing cytotoxic drugs?
What is a primary consideration when dosing cytotoxic drugs?
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Which of the following methods is NOT used to determine the doses of cytotoxic drugs?
Which of the following methods is NOT used to determine the doses of cytotoxic drugs?
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Area under the curve-based dosing is primarily applicable for which type of drug clearance?
Area under the curve-based dosing is primarily applicable for which type of drug clearance?
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Which algorithms are mentioned for calculating body surface area when dosing cytotoxic drugs?
Which algorithms are mentioned for calculating body surface area when dosing cytotoxic drugs?
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Which type of antimetabolite is Methotrexate classified as?
Which type of antimetabolite is Methotrexate classified as?
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What is the mechanism of action of antimetabolites?
What is the mechanism of action of antimetabolites?
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Which of the following is a Pyrimidine Antagonist?
Which of the following is a Pyrimidine Antagonist?
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Which drug is NOT classified under the category of Antimetabolites?
Which drug is NOT classified under the category of Antimetabolites?
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Which targeted therapy approach would focus on specific genes?
Which targeted therapy approach would focus on specific genes?
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Which of the following is classified as an adrenocortical steroid inhibitor?
Which of the following is classified as an adrenocortical steroid inhibitor?
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Which agent is a Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor?
Which agent is a Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor?
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What is a key feature of targeted therapy?
What is a key feature of targeted therapy?
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Which class of targeted therapy specifically includes drugs like Trastuzumab and Rituximab?
Which class of targeted therapy specifically includes drugs like Trastuzumab and Rituximab?
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What is a primary mechanism of hormone therapy in cancer treatment?
What is a primary mechanism of hormone therapy in cancer treatment?
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Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of cytotoxic drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of cytotoxic drugs?
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Which drug is classified as an mTOR inhibitor?
Which drug is classified as an mTOR inhibitor?
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What is a characteristic side-effect of chemotherapy highlighted in the content?
What is a characteristic side-effect of chemotherapy highlighted in the content?
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Which type of hormone therapy drug is used to inhibit adrenal steroid production?
Which type of hormone therapy drug is used to inhibit adrenal steroid production?
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What is the primary use of a drug like Tamoxifen in cancer treatment?
What is the primary use of a drug like Tamoxifen in cancer treatment?
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Which of the following drugs is classified as an antiandrogen?
Which of the following drugs is classified as an antiandrogen?
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What condition may contraindicate the use of cytotoxic drugs?
What condition may contraindicate the use of cytotoxic drugs?
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Which of these treatments focuses on increasing the body’s own natural defense against tumors?
Which of these treatments focuses on increasing the body’s own natural defense against tumors?
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Which class of drugs is most active during the resting phase of the cell cycle?
Which class of drugs is most active during the resting phase of the cell cycle?
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Which of the following are examples of Vinca alkaloids?
Which of the following are examples of Vinca alkaloids?
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Which of the following drugs belongs to the class of alkylating agents?
Which of the following drugs belongs to the class of alkylating agents?
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What type of inhibitors are Topoisomerase 1 inhibitors?
What type of inhibitors are Topoisomerase 1 inhibitors?
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Which antitumor antibiotic is derived from the soil fungus Streptomyces?
Which antitumor antibiotic is derived from the soil fungus Streptomyces?
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What is the main action of alkylating agents in chemotherapy?
What is the main action of alkylating agents in chemotherapy?
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Which of the following substances is a type of taxane?
Which of the following substances is a type of taxane?
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Which chemotherapy class includes both antitumor antibiotics and does not fit into other classes?
Which chemotherapy class includes both antitumor antibiotics and does not fit into other classes?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of plant-derived drugs in chemotherapy?
Which of the following is a characteristic of plant-derived drugs in chemotherapy?
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Which of the following drugs belong to the class of hydrazines & triazines?
Which of the following drugs belong to the class of hydrazines & triazines?
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Study Notes
Chemotherapy Drugs in Oncology
- Chemotherapy drugs are categorized into several main classes: alkylating agents, plant derivatives, topoisomerase inhibitors, antitumor antibiotics, antimetabolites, and miscellaneous antineoplastics.
Alkylating Agents
- These drugs are most effective during the resting phase of cell division.
- They are non-specific, meaning they damage DNA throughout the cell cycle.
- Examples include:
- Mustard gas derivatives (e.g., cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, ifosfamide)
- Nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomustine)
- Alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan)
- Platinum compounds (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin)
- Ethylenimines (e.g., thiotepa)
- Hydrazines & triazines (e.g., procarbazine)
Plant Derivatives
- Derived from plants, some synthesized artificially.
- Cell cycle-specific, targeting cells at different phases of division.
- Examples include:
- Vinca alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine)
- Taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel, docetaxel)
- Podophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide, teniposide)
- Camptothecin analogs(e.g., Irinotecan)
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- Inhibit topoisomerase enzymes, which are essential for DNA replication.
- Divided into two classes:
- Topoisomerase 1 inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan)
- Topoisomerase 2 inhibitors (e.g., etoposide, amsacrine)
Antitumor Antibiotics
- Naturally produced by Streptomyces species.
- Cell cycle-specific, active during multiple phases of the cell cycle.
- Examples include:
- Anthracyclines (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin)
- Dactinomycin
- Miscellaneous (e.g., plicamycin, mitomycin, bleomycin)
Antimetabolites
- Similar to normal cell substances, targeting specific cell cycle phases.
- Examples include:
- Folic acid antagonists (e.g., methotrexate, pemetrexed)
- Pyrimidine antagonists (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, cytarabine)
- Purine antagonists (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine)
Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
- Drugs not fitting into other classes, still produced by the same organisms.
- Includes:
- Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
- Adrenocortical steroid inhibitors
- Antimicrotubule agents
- Retinoids
- Hydroxyurea
- Asparaginase
- Miscellaneous
Targeted Therapy
- Targets specific cancer genes, proteins, or the tissue environment.
- Examples include:
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Apoptosis-inducing drugs
- Angiogenesis inhibitors
- mTOR inhibitors
Hormone Therapy
- Stops hormone production, blocks hormone receptors, or substitutes hormones for targeted cancer cells.
- Adrenal steroid inhibitors
- Androgens
- Antiandrogens
- Antiestrogens
- Aromatase inhibitors
- Estrogens
- Progestational agents
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
Cytotoxic Drug Dosing
-
Dose response is steep, with narrow therapeutic index.
-
Dose determination methods include:
- Mg of drug per BSA
- Algorithms
- Fixed dose
- Area under the curve
-
Dose modification considerations include:
- Hematological toxicity (blood count)
- Renal impairment (creatinine clearance)
- Hepatic impairment (liver function)
- Other specific toxicities
Complications of Immunotherapy
- Side effects, such as:
- Skin toxicity
- Colitis
- Hepatitis
- Endocrinopathies
- Neurologic complications
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Description
This quiz covers the various classes of chemotherapy drugs used in oncology, including alkylating agents and plant derivatives. It highlights key characteristics, examples, and mechanisms of actions for each class. Test your knowledge about these essential drugs used in cancer treatment.
