Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a significant reason for the limited use of Trovafloxacin?
What is a significant reason for the limited use of Trovafloxacin?
What occurs when quinolones are co-administered with antacids?
What occurs when quinolones are co-administered with antacids?
Which of the following groups of people should avoid taking quinolones?
Which of the following groups of people should avoid taking quinolones?
Which antibiotic is noted for its higher photosensitivity due to structural differences?
Which antibiotic is noted for its higher photosensitivity due to structural differences?
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What is the main action of Methenamine in anti-infective therapies?
What is the main action of Methenamine in anti-infective therapies?
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What are synthetic antibacterial agents?
What are synthetic antibacterial agents?
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Which class of drugs does not necessarily kill all microorganisms but hinders their growth?
Which class of drugs does not necessarily kill all microorganisms but hinders their growth?
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What is a primary purpose of antibiotics?
What is a primary purpose of antibiotics?
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What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?
What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotics?
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In medicinal chemistry, what is the focus of the study during the third week?
In medicinal chemistry, what is the focus of the study during the third week?
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What is a common misconception about disinfectants?
What is a common misconception about disinfectants?
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Which of the following antibiotics is classified under B-lactams?
Which of the following antibiotics is classified under B-lactams?
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What is the primary role of Acetohydroxamic acid?
What is the primary role of Acetohydroxamic acid?
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Which disinfectant releases hypochlorous acid when in water?
Which disinfectant releases hypochlorous acid when in water?
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What is a notable property of the antiseptic solution containing iodine?
What is a notable property of the antiseptic solution containing iodine?
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How does Hydrogen Peroxide function therapeutically?
How does Hydrogen Peroxide function therapeutically?
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Which agent is used to treat colitis and diarrhea and is effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Which agent is used to treat colitis and diarrhea and is effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
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What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?
What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?
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What mechanism of action does Nifuroxazide utilize against bacteria?
What mechanism of action does Nifuroxazide utilize against bacteria?
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Which of the following describes the nature of Sodium hypochlorite?
Which of the following describes the nature of Sodium hypochlorite?
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Study Notes
Chemotherapy
- Chemicals used to treat or control diseases caused by invading organisms or cells
- Antimicrobial agents can be antibiotics or synthetic antibacterial agents
- Antibiotics are chemical compounds made by a living microorganism to defend itself from other microorganisms
- Synthetic antibacterial agents are fully synthetic compounds that act against bacteria but are not classified as antibiotics
Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Preservatives
- Antiseptics are used for living tissues
- They are not devoid of toxic effects but their absorption may produce systemic toxicity
- Disinfectants are used for non-living bodies
- Disinfectants destroy microorganisms but they are not meant to kill all of them
- Preservatives are agents used to hinder microbial spoilage of food, pharmaceutical preparations and other substances
Hexamine, Ammonium Chloride, Acetohydroxamic Acid
- Their roles can be determined by their actions within the body
- Hexamine is a disinfectant
Sodium Hypochlorite
- It releases hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
- This acid acts as an oxidizing agent that destroys the DNA structure
- Sodium salt is used to disinfect drinking water
Iodine
- 2% iodine with 2.5% NaI (as the solubilizing agent) in 50% alcohol
- Iodine inactivates proteins by iodination of phenyl alanine and tyrosine residues of protein
- It also oxidizes the SH group (sulfhydryl group)
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Potassium Permanganate (KMNO4)
- Both cause protein denaturation, hydrogen peroxide by liberation of oxygen and potassium permanganate by direct oxidant action
Nifuroxazide (Antinal)
- Used for colitis and diarrhea
- Broad spectrum
- Effective against antibiotics resistant bacteria
- Nitro group is reduced to hydroxyl amine then to amino group
- Produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to destruction of DNA and proteins
- Blocks conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, which diminishes energy production in bacteria
- Inhibits bacterial respiratory enzymes
Trovafloxacin (Trovan®)
- Limited use due to reports of liver toxicity and pancreatitis
- Effective against anaerobic bacteria
Incompatibilities of Quinolones
- Quinolones form less water-soluble complexes with low potency when they chelate with polyvalent metal ions
- It is contraindicated to co-administer antacids, hematinics, tonics or to consume dairy products soon after taking quinolones
- Quinolones should not be given to children under 18 years old
Bioavailability of Lomefloxacin and Sparfloxacin
- The specific compounds' structure and properties affect bioavailability
- Higher bioavailability is linked to improved absorption and distribution within the body
Antiinfective Agents
- Formaldehyde, methenamine and chlorine tincture are all antiinfective agents
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Description
Test your knowledge on chemotherapy, antiseptics, disinfectants, and preservatives. This quiz covers the roles and mechanisms of various chemicals used in medicine. Explore the differences between antibiotics and synthetic antibacterial agents as well as the functions of hexamine and ammonium chloride.
