Questions and Answers
Which of the following are vesicant chemotherapy agents? (Select all that apply)
What are alkylating agents most active during?
Resting phase of the cell
Which of the following is a type of alkylating agent?
Which plants are vinca alkaloids derived from?
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Antitumor antibiotics are cell cycle specific.
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What class of agents is Methotrexate in?
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Topoisomerase I inhibitors include ___ and ___
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What are the characteristics of cell cycle-specific agents?
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Cell cycle-nonspecific agents are effective when administered by ___ doses.
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Study Notes
Vesicant Chemotherapy Agents
- Includes Dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mechlorethamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel, streptozocin, tenoposide, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine.
Alkylating Agents (Cell Cycle Nonspecific)
- Effective mainly during the resting phase of cells; categorized as cell-cycle nonspecific.
- Types include:
- Mustard gas derivatives: Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, Melphalan, Ifosfamide.
- Ethylenimines: Thiotepa, Hexamethylmelamine.
- Alkylsulfonates: Busulfan.
- Hydrazines and Triazines: Altretamine, Procarbazine, Dacarbazine, Temozolomide.
- Nitrosureas: Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin; can cross the blood-brain barrier, useful for brain tumors.
- Metal salts: Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin.
Plant Alkaloids (Cell Cycle Specific)
- Derived from plants; specifically effective during the M phase of cell division.
- Key types:
- Vinca alkaloids: Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine from periwinkle plant.
- Taxanes: Paclitaxel, Docetaxel from Pacific Yew tree bark.
- Podophyllotoxins: Etoposide and Tenisopide from May apple plant.
- Camptothecan analogs: Irinotecan and Topotecan from Asian "Happy Tree" (Camptotheca acuminata).
- Known for targeting specific phases during cell division.
Antitumor Antibiotics (Cell Cycle Nonspecific)
- Derived from natural products of the Streptomyces fungus; active during multiple phases of the cell cycle.
- Types consist of:
- Anthracyclines: Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Epirubicin, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin.
- Chromomycins: Dactinomycin, Plicamycin.
- Miscellaneous: Mitomycin, Bleomycin.
Antimetabolites (Cell Cycle Specific - S Phase)
- Mimic natural substances in the cell; interfere with cellular metabolism to inhibit division.
- Types include:
- Folic acid antagonist: Methotrexate.
- Pyrimidine antagonists: 5-Fluorouracil, Foxuridine, Cytarabine, Capecitabine, Gemcitabine.
- Purine antagonists: 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine.
- Adenosine deaminase inhibitors: Cladribine, Fludarabine, Nelarabine, Pentostatin.
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- Interfere with topoisomerase enzymes crucial for DNA manipulation during replication.
- Types include:
- Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Ironotecan, Topotecan.
- Topoisomerase II inhibitors: Amsacrine, Etoposide, Etoposide phosphate, Teniposide.
Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
- Include various agents with unique mechanisms:
- Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor: Hydroxyurea.
- Adrenocortical steroid inhibitor: Mitotane.
- Enzymes: Asparaginase, Pegaspargase.
- Antimicrotubule agent: Estramustine.
- Retinoids: Bexarotene, Isotretinoin, Tretinoin (ATRA).
Cell Cycle-Specific Agents
- Depend on schedule for administration; most effective when given in divided doses or continuous infusion.
Cell Cycle-Nonspecific Agents
- Efficacy is dose-dependent; most effective with bolus doses as the number of affected cells correlates with drug amount administered.
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Description
Explore key groups of chemotherapy drugs with these flashcards. Learn about vesicant chemotherapy agents and alkylating agents, including their definitions and classifications. Perfect for students studying oncology pharmacology.
