Chemistry Unit 6: Solutions

A solution consists of a solute (the substance being dissolved) and a solvent (the substance doing the dissolving). The solute is typically present in a smaller amount than the solvent. You can determine the solute and solvent by identifying which component is present in a smaller amount or by considering which component is being dissolved in the other.

Intermolecular forces (IMFs) influence the solubility of substances. Strong IMFs between solute and solvent molecules promote dissolution, as they help overcome the forces holding the solute together. Conversely, weak or incompatible IMFs can hinder solubility.

<p>A strong electrolyte is a substance that fully dissociates into ions when dissolved in water, resulting in high conductivity. This typically occurs with ionic compounds that are highly soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature. An unsaturated solution can still dissolve more solute at the same temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid. This means that increasing the pressure of the gas will lead to a greater amount of gas dissolving in the liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature affects the solubility of different types of solutes in different ways. For most solid solutes, increasing temperature generally increases solubility. For gaseous solutes, increasing temperature generally decreases solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solution that represents the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To calculate molarity, you divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters. The formula is: Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You can use the molarity (M) of a solution and the volume (V) to calculate the moles of solute (n) using the formula: n = M * V. Then, you can convert moles to grams using the molar mass of the solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilution calculations are used to determine the concentration of a solution after it has been diluted with a solvent. The key principle is that the number of moles of solute remains constant during dilution, although the volume changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend solely on the concentration of solute particles, not on the identity of the solute itself. These properties are affected by the number of solute particles in the solution and not their specific properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonvolatile solutes lower the vapor pressure of the solvent, which results in a higher boiling point. The addition of a solute also decreases the freezing point of the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration). This movement is driven by the tendency to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A <em>hypotonic</em> solution has a lower solute concentration than the surrounding environment or cell. A <em>hypertonic</em> solution has a higher solute concentration compared to the surrounding environment or cell. An <em>isotonic</em> solution has the same solute concentration as the surrounding environment or cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, are chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between different chemical species. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The <em>oxidizing agent</em> is the species that causes another species to be oxidized (lose electrons). The <em>reducing agent</em> is the species that causes another species to be reduced (gain electrons).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combustion, single displacement, and many other reactions are redox reactions. Redox reactions are very common in various chemical processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A balanced chemical equation provides information about the stoichiometry of the reaction. It tells you the relative number of moles of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. You can calculate the number of atoms or moles of each element in the reactants and products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You can classify a chemical reaction by identifying the type of changes that occur in the reactants and products. Some common classifications include combination reaction, decomposition reaction, single displacement reaction, double displacement reaction, combustion reaction, and acid-base reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In general, acid-base reactions involve the transfer of a proton (H+) from an acid to a base. The products of an acid-base reaction are typically a salt and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict a precipitate, you need to consider the solubility of the products formed in the reaction. Solubility rules provide a general guideline for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observable changes that can indicate a chemical reaction has occurred include color change, formation of a precipitate, evolution of gas (bubbles), change in temperature, and the emission or absorption of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The molar mass of an element is the mass of one mole of that element, typically expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). For a compound, the molar mass is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms in the chemical formula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avogadro's number, which is approximately $6.022 imes 10^{23}$ particles per mole, represents the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units) in one mole of any substance. By multiplying the number of moles of a substance by Avogadro's number, you can calculate the total number of particles present in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the number of atoms in a compound, you need the molar ratio of atoms from the chemical formula and the mass or moles of the compound. Convert the given mass to moles if needed. Then, multiply the moles of the compound by the molar ratio of the specific atom to find the number of moles of that atom. Finally, multiply the moles of the atom by Avogadro's number to get the number of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A balanced chemical equation provides information about the stoichiometric ratios between reactants and products. You can use these ratios to relate the moles of one substance to another within the equation, allowing you to calculate the mass, volume, or moles of reactants or products involved in a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To calculate the % yield, you need to know the actual yield (the amount of product formed in the experiment) and the theoretical yield (the maximum amount of product that could be formed based on the stoichiometry of the reaction). The % yield is calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actual yield is the measured amount of product that is obtained from a chemical reaction. Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be formed based on the stoichiometry of the reaction. % efficiency is a measure of how well the reaction is carried out, calculated as the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers