50 Questions
Which term is used to describe the amount of a substance dissolved in a solution?
Concentration
What is the solute in seawater?
Sodium chloride
What is the molar unit used by chemists to quantify concentration?
Molarity
Which reactant species determines the amount of excess reactant that will be consumed and the amount of product that will be generated when the reaction comes to a halt?
Limiting reactant
How can one determine which reactant is limiting and which is excess?
By equating the moles of the reactant species
Which of the following statements is true about electrolytes and nonelectrolytes?
Electrolytes conduct electricity in liquid form, while nonelectrolytes do not
Which of the following is NOT a role that electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions play?
Geological processes
Why is understanding the chemistry of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes important?
Because they have unique properties that affect various processes
Which of the following is true about a solubility curve?
It represents the solubility of a solute in a solvent at a specific temperature.
What state of solution is considered when the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved at a given temperature?
Saturated solution
Which factors can influence the ease of dissolution of a solute into a solvent?
Agitation and particle size
Which of the following best describes salts?
Ionic compounds with a cation and an anion
What happens when salts are mixed into water?
Positive ions are attracted to the negative part of the water molecule and negative ions are attracted to the positive part of the water molecule
What is a precipitate?
A solid substance formed from two aqueous solutions
Which formula is used to express the solute concentration in a solution using the units of mol/L?
Molarity (M) = moles of solute/liters of solution = mol/L
Which expression is used to calculate molality, which relates moles of solute to the kilogram weight of the solvent using the units of mol/kg?
Molality (m) = moles of solute = mol/kg
Which technique often uses molality to express solute concentration and involves the unknown variable in formulas used to identify a previously unknown substance?
Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation
Which colligative property describes the tendency of solvent molecules in a solution to escape into the gas phase?
Vapor pressure
Which colligative property is calculated via the products of the van't Hoff factor, the molarity of the solution, the ideal gas constant, and the temperature of the system?
Osmotic pressure
Which colligative property is determined by the van't Hoff factor, the molality of the solution, and a solvent-dependent constant?
Freezing point depression
Which of the following is true about a saturated solution?
It contains an equal amount of solute and solvent
What is the factor that influences the rate of solution (dissolution rate) the most?
Concentration of dissolved solute
Which substance is generally thought of as the universal solvent?
Water
Which type of reaction occurs when a compound separates into its elements or compounds?
Decomposition reaction
What is the product of a synthesis reaction between two compounds?
A ternary compound
What is the product of a decomposition reaction involving a binary compound?
The elements in the reactant
Which of the following is a property of Arrhenius acids?
Taste and smell sour
Which of the following is a property of Arrhenius bases?
Feels slippery to the touch
Which of the following is an example of an Arrhenius acid?
HCl
Which scientist defined an acid as a substance that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond?
Lewis
Which definition of acids and bases accounts for substances that do not contain hydrogen?
Lewis definition
Which scientist defined an acid as a substance that can donate a proton?
Bronsted and Lowry
Which of the following is the definition of an amphoteric substance?
A substance that can act as either a proton donor or acceptor depending on the circumstances
What is the product of an acid-base neutralization reaction?
Salt and water
Which of the following is true about a weak acid, strong base reaction?
A basic solution is formed
Which scientist developed a new way to measure pH in the early 1900's?
Soren Peter Lauritz Sorensen
What is the pH range of a base on the pH scale?
8-14
How is the acidity or basicity of a solution determined on the pH scale?
Both numerical value and color scale comparison
Which of the following equations represents the calculation of pKa?
pKa = -log[Ka]
What does a conjugate acid-base pair mean?
They have the same number of protons
Which of the following is true about the pH scale?
It ranges from 1-14
Which term refers to the number of atoms most stably bound to a metal ion in a coordination compound?
Coordination number
What does the oxidation number of a metal ion in a coordination compound refer to?
The positive charges that a metal ion will most stably have on its own
What does a coordination number of 6 indicate in a coordination compound?
The metal atom is bound to 6 other atoms
Which of the following best describes a precipitation reaction?
A reaction where two soluble salts are mixed to create an insoluble product
What determines if a substance will precipitate in a solution?
Its concentration exceeding the solubility
What is a net ionic equation used to represent in a precipitation reaction?
The chemical species that participate in the formation of the final product
Which of the following statements is true about oxidation numbers?
Oxidation numbers help balance chemical equations.
What is the usual oxidation number of hydrogen in a compound?
+1
Which of the following is true about the oxidation state of oxygen?
The oxidation state of oxygen depends on the other elements in the compound.
Study Notes
Concentration of Solutions
- Concentration of a substance dissolved in a solution is described by the term concentration.
- Molarity (M) is the unit used by chemists to quantify concentration, expressed in mol/L.
Reactants and Limiting Reagents
- The reactant that determines the amount of excess reactant consumed and product generated when the reaction reaches equilibrium is the limiting reagent.
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
- Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions in solution, whereas nonelectrolytes do not.
- Electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions play a crucial role in many biological and chemical processes.
Solubility
- A solubility curve represents the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature.
- Factors influencing the ease of dissolution include temperature, stirred or shaken, surface area, and agitation.
Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Molarity (M) and molality (m) are units used to express solute concentration.
- Molality is used in techniques such as fractional crystallization to identify unknown substances.
- Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression are examples of colligative properties.
Chemical Reactions
- A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed by a reaction between two solutions.
- Salts are ionic compounds composed of a cation and an anion.
- Synthesis reactions involve the combination of two compounds, and decomposition reactions involve the breakdown of a compound.
Acid-Base Chemistry
- Arrhenius acids are substances that donate H+ ions, while Arrhenius bases are substances that accept H+ ions.
- Arrhenius acid example: HCl (hydrochloric acid).
- Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory accounts for substances that do not contain hydrogen.
- pH is a measure of acidity or basicity, with a pH range of 0-14.
Coordination Compounds
- The coordination number of a metal ion in a coordination compound refers to the number of atoms stably bound to the metal ion.
- Oxidation number of a metal ion in a coordination compound refers to the charge on the metal ion.
Precipitation Reactions
- Precipitation reactions involve the formation of an insoluble solid from a solution.
- The solubility product constant (Ksp) determines if a substance will precipitate in a solution.
- Net ionic equations represent the reaction between dissolved ions.
Test your knowledge of molarity and solution chemistry with this quiz! Learn about the international standard unit of measure for quantifying dissolved substances and the components of a solution.
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