Chemistry Titration Principles and Techniques

Chemistry Experiment Booklet

• Flame Tests: Used to identify metal ions. Each metal produces a unique colour.
• Anions Tests: Used to test for the presence of specific anions (negatively charged ions) in a solution. A common chloride ion test forms a white precipitate with silver nitrate, the precipitate disappears when ammonia is added. A sulphate ion solution forms a white precipitate with barium chloride.
• Molecular Mass of Volatile Liquids: Explores measuring the vapour density to determine the molecular mass of liquid substances.
• Standard Solution of Sodium Carbonate: A known mass of sodium carbonate is dissolved in a precise volume of water, to create a standard solution.
• Standardizing Hydrochloric Acid: Standard sodium carbonate solution is used to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution.
• Sodium Hydroxide Solution: A known mass of sodium hydroxide is measured and dissolved in a volumetric flask, and then standardized with hydrochloric acid.
• Concentration of Ethanoic Acid in Vinegar: A precise volume of vinegar is diluted and titrated with a standard base solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide) using an indicator.
• Water of Crystallisation in Hydrated Sodium Carbonate: Analysed to determine the amount of water in hydrated salt crystals.
• Iron in Iron Tablets: A known mass of iron tablets is dissolved and titrated with potassium permanganate to determine the iron content.
• Percentage of Sodium Hypochlorite: A measurement of sodium hypochlorite in household bleach using sodium thiosulfate in a titration.
• Reaction Rate (Temperature): Sodium thiosulfate's reaction rate with hydrochloric acid is monitored at different temperatures to determine how the change in temperature affects the reaction rate.
• Reaction Rate (Concentration): Sodium thiosulfate's reaction rate with hydrochloric acid is monitored at different concentrations to determine how changing concentration affects the reaction rate.
• Le Chatelier's Principle: Iron III chloride and potassium thiocyanate are used to demonstrate the principle, by showing how changes in temperature or concentration affect a system at chemical equilibrium.
• Total Water Hardness: Water samples are measured using EDTA to determine the total hardness of water.
• Total Suspended and Dissolved Solids: The presence of suspended and dissolved solids is measured using filter paper weight and evaporation techniques.
• Dissolved Oxygen: A redox titration method is used to analyze the dissolved oxygen content of water by determining the amount of iodine released from a specific reaction.
• Free Chlorine in Swimming Pools: Various chlorine standards are made and measured using a colorimeter to estimate the free chlorine concentration in a swimming pool.
• Preparation of Ethylene and Examined Properties: Ethylene is prepared and tested for its physical (colorless sweet smelling gas) and chemical properties (reaction with bromine, combustion).
• Preparation of Ethyne and Examined Properties: Ethyne is generated and tested for its characteristics, including its physical attributes (colourless, sweet smelling gas) and chemical qualities (combustion and reactions with other substances).
• Heat of Reaction with Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide: Reaction heat is measured in a polystyrene cup to calculate heat of neutralization.
• Clove Oil Extraction: Steam distillation extracts clove oil from cloves, separating it from water.
• Preparation of Soap: The reaction between oils and sodium hydroxide is used to synthesize soap, which is then filtered and dried.
• Reactions of Ethanal: The oxidation reactions of Ethanal with potassium permanganate (acidified), Fehling's reagent, and ammoniacal silver nitrate (silver mirror test) are explored, confirming if the reactants are aldehydes or ketones, and the conditions impacting the results.
• Ethanioc Acid with Sodium Carbonate: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, producing carbon dioxide gas which is detected using limewater.
• Ethanoic Acid with Magnesium Metal:, A reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium metal is explored, producing hydrogen gas, observable through a "pop" test.
• Ethanoic Acid with Ethanol: Ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of a catalyst (sulfuric acid) to form an ester (ethyl ethanoate) evidenced by the fruity smell of the product.
• Oxidation of Phenylmethanol: The reaction of phenylmethanol with potassium permanganate under alkaline conditions and subsequent crystallization are examined.
• Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid: To purify benzoic acid, through recrystallization using a vacuum filtering setup.
• Boiling Point of Benzoic Acid: The melting point of benzoic acid is tested and reported.
• Separation of Ink Components: Paper chromatography method is used to separate the ink's components into its different dyes.