Chemistry - Solubility Unit Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is solubility?

The maximum quantity of a substance that will dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent at a specified temperature.

What is a solute?

What is being dissolved (usually a solid).

What is a solvent?

What is doing the dissolving (usually a liquid).

What is a saturated solution?

A solution in which the solvent has dissolved as much solute as it can retain stably at a specified temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unsaturated solution?

A solution that doesn't reach its equilibrium in a given condition; more solute could be dissolved in the given solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be supersaturated?

Increase the concentration of a solution beyond the saturation point. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a supersaturated solution is agitated or a seed crystal is added?

All of the salt will come out of the dissolved solution. Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect solubility for solids and gases?

Increase in temperature = increase in solubility (for solids). Increase in temperature = decrease in solubility (for gases). Signup and view all the answers

What does a solubility curve indicate?

The lines on the solubility curve indicate a saturated solution. Signup and view all the answers

What does each point on the solubility curve represent?

The solubility of the solution at a given temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What makes a molecule polar or non-polar?

A polar molecule has a positive and negative end, while a non-polar molecule has symmetrical electron distribution. Signup and view all the answers

What does polarity depend on?

Presence of polar covalent bonds. Signup and view all the answers

How does water dissolve an ionic solid?

Water interacts with the positive and negative ions that make up ionic solids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of dissociation?

The process of molecules breaking up into smaller parts. Signup and view all the answers

What are molecular substances?

Composed of molecules; dissolve as molecules, not ions. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how water dissolves a covalent molecular compound such as sugar.

When water is added to NaCl (salt), the polar water molecules surround the sodium and chloride ions, and the ionic compound dissociates. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'like dissolves like' mean?

Dissolving occurs when similarities exist between the solvent and solute. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between miscible and immiscible?

Miscible = when two liquids totally mix; Immiscible = when two liquids do not mix. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics of a water molecule.

Water is polar; it has a slightly positive and negative end. Signup and view all the answers

What type of intermolecular forces exist between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonding. Signup and view all the answers

Define hydrogen bonding.

A bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom. Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms 'concentrated' and 'dilute' tell you about solution concentration?

Dilute = a solution that contains a small portion of solute relative to solvent; Concentrated = a solution that contains a large portion of solute relative to solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What does solution concentration refer to?

The amount of solute dissolved in a unit amount of solvent or of solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity?

Moles of solute/L of solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is molality?

Moles of solute/kg of solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is dilution?

The process of adding additional solvent to a solution to decrease its concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Solubility Concepts

Solubility: Maximum amount of solute dissolvable in a solvent at a specific temperature.
Solute: The substance that dissolves in the solvent, generally a solid.
Solvent: The component that dissolves the solute, typically a liquid.

Types of Solutions

Saturated Solution: Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature; any additional solute will not dissolve.
Unsaturated Solution: Has not reached equilibrium; more solute can still be dissolved.
Supersaturated Solution: Contains more dissolved solute than it can normally hold at equilibrium, often resulting in undissolved solute at the bottom.

Solution Behavior

Agitation or addition of a seed crystal in a supersaturated solution causes all dissolved solute to crystallize out.
Temperature & Solubility: Heating increases solubility for solids, while it decreases solubility for gases.

Solubility Curve

A visual representation where each point indicates the solubility of a solute at a particular temperature.
The curve can help determine if a solution is saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated based on its location relative to the curve.

Molecular Properties

Polarity: A polar molecule has charged ends; a non-polar molecule has an even distribution of charge.
Polarity Dependence: A molecule’s polarity is determined by the presence of polar covalent bonds.

Interaction Between Water and Solutes

Dissolving Ionic Solids: Water molecules interact with positive and negative ions, leading to dissociation of the ionic compound.
Dissolving Covalent Compounds: For compounds like sugar, polar water molecules surround and interact with the molecules without breaking them into ions.

Miscibility

Miscible Liquids: Two liquids that completely mix together.
Immiscible Liquids: Two liquids that do not mix, remaining separate.

Water’s Characteristics

Water is polar, featuring a positive and negative end.
Intermolecular Forces: Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonding, a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction.

Solution Concentration

Concentrated Solution: Contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent.
Dilute Solution: Contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent.
Solution Concentration: Refers to the amount of solute relative to the volume of solvent or solution.

Molarity and Molality

Molarity (M): Concentration defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molality (m): Concentration defined as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Dilution Process

Dilution: Adding solvent to reduce solution concentration.
Dilution Equation: M(c)V(c) = M(d)V(d), where C represents concentrated and D represents diluted solutions.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key terms related to solubility in this Chemistry flashcard quiz. Learn about solubility, solute, solvent, and saturated solutions as you prepare for your chemistry unit. Perfect for students seeking to master this essential topic.