Questions and Answers
What is the solubility prediction for testosterone in water?
Testosterone is insoluble in water.
What type of alcohol is characterized by the location of the OH group?
Secondary
What is the name of the compound with an OH group on the benzene ring and Cl in the para position?
para-chlorophenol
Which alcohol is more soluble in water, and why?
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Which alcohol is more soluble in water, and why?
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What is the correct name for the compound known as ortho-fluorophenol?
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What is the solubility prediction for garlic acid in water?
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What explains the difference in boiling points between ethanol and dimethyl ether?
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What is the correct name for the alcohol shown as cyclopentanol?
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What is the name of the compound presented as 3-bromophenol?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for 5,6-dimethyl-1-heptanol?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound shown as 2-butanol?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for 2-chloro-1-propanol?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanol?
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What is the systematic name for the compound trans-3-chlorocyclohexanol?
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What is the systematic name for cis-3-chlorocyclohexanol?
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A ketone is produced by the oxidation of what type of alcohol?
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What type of compound is produced by the dehydration of an alcohol?
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What starting compound can synthesize the shown compound?
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What are the missing components in the reaction?
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What will be produced when a primary alcohol is oxidized mildly?
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What type of compound is produced from the oxidation of a primary alcohol?
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What type of compound do tertiary alcohols produce upon oxidation?
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What is the major organic product of the dehydration of 1-propanol?
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What type of organic compound is CH₃CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃ classified as?
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What type of reaction do ethers commonly undergo?
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What is the name of the ether represented as dicyclopentyl ether?
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What is the common name for the compound known as ethyl methyl ether?
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What are the two alcohols required to produce the ether shown?
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What type of bond is found between two -SH groups in proteins?
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What is the general structure of a disulfide?
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What is the IUPAC name for CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂SH?
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Which element is present in a thiol?
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What is the common name for methyl phenyl sulfide?
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What is the IUPAC name for 2-propanethiol?
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What is the IUPAC name for 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexanethiol?
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What is the correct name for 5-chloropentanal?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for 2-chloro-3-methylbutanal?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for 2,3-dichlorobutanal?
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What is the correct name for the ketone 2-bromo-7-methyl-3-octanone?
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What is the correct IUPAC name for 5-ethyl-2-heptanone?
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What does the hydration of a ketone produce?
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What type of compound does reducing a ketone with NaBH₄ produce?
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What is produced by the oxidation of an aldehyde?
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What can 2-pentanone be prepared from?
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What is the product formed from the hydrogenation of butanal?
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What does the addition of an alkoxy group to an aldehyde's carbonyl produce?
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What is the IUPAC name for the compound shown as 2,3-pentanediol?
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What is the correct name for the compound 4-iodo-3,3-dimethyl-2-pentanol?
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What is the major organic product from the dehydration of 2-hexanol?
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What is the name of the ether presented as phenyl propyl ether?
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Study Notes
Solubility and Structure
- Testosterone is a steroid, largely nonpolar, making it insoluble in water.
- Alcohol functional groups can bond with water, enhancing solubility based on the number of such groups present.
Classification of Alcohols
- Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon atom attached to the -OH group.
- Secondary alcohols have the -OH group on a carbon that is attached to two other carbons.
Phenol Structures
- Para-chlorophenol contains an -OH group on the benzene ring and a chlorine atom in the para position.
- Ortho-fluorophenol features a -OH group on the benzene with a chlorine atom in the ortho position.
Alcohol Solubility Comparisons
- Compound 2, with three -OH groups, shows greater solubility in water compared to compound 1, which has only one -OH group.
- Increased branching in molecular structure often reduces the surface area of nonpolar regions, leading to better solubility.
Organic Compound Classification
- Compounds like CH₃CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₃ are classified as ethers.
- Ethers typically maintain stability and require extreme conditions for reactions.
Alcohol Reactions
- Dehydration of alcohols leads to the formation of alkenes, such as propene from 1-propanol.
- The oxidation of primary alcohols results in the formation of aldehydes or carboxylic acids.
Functional Group Transformations
- A secondary alcohol oxidizes to form a ketone.
- A mild oxidizing agent will convert a primary alcohol into an aldehyde.
Key Products and Reactions
- Hydrogenation of aldehydes produces primary alcohols, like 1-butanol from butanal.
- Hydration of ketones results in secondary alcohols.
Nomenclature
- Common names for ethers include ethyl methyl ether and phenyl propyl ether.
- Specific IUPAC names for various compounds must adhere to established naming conventions.
Sulfides and Disulfides
- Disulfides are compounds featuring two -SH groups linked by a sulfur-sulfur bond (R-S-S-R).
- Thiols contain sulfur, and their general formula is characterized by the presence of the -SH group.
Aldehyde and Ketone Reactivity
- The oxidation process converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
- Compounds like 2-pentanone can be synthesized from their corresponding alcohol by oxidation.
Conclusion
- Understanding the structure-function relationship of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and their reactions is essential for predicting solubility, reactivity, and product formation in organic chemistry.
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Dive into the key concepts of Chemistry Chapter 14 with these flashcards. Test your understanding of solubility, alcohol classification, and phenolic compounds. Perfect for quick reviews or exam preparation.
