Chemistry Review: Mass and Compounds
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Questions and Answers

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, what must be true of the mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction if the products have a mass of $6$ grams?

  • The mass of the reactants must be exactly $6$ grams. (correct)
  • The mass of the reactants must be more than $6$ grams.
  • The mass of the reactants is independent of the mass of the products and can vary.
  • The mass of the reactants must be less than $6$ grams.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference between molecular and ionic compounds?

  • Ionic compounds do not follow the Law of Conservation of Mass, but covalent compounds do.
  • Ionic compounds typically involve bonds between two nonmetals, whereas molecular compounds usually consist of a metal and a nonmetal.
  • Molecular compounds are formed through the transfer of electrons, while ionic compounds share electrons.
  • Molecular compounds are named using prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom, whereas ionic compounds use charges to balance the formula (correct)

What ion is characteristically present in all acidic solutions?

  • Sodium ion ($Na^+$)
  • Chloride ion ($Cl^−$)
  • Hydronium ion ($H_3O^+$) (correct)
  • Hydroxide ion ($OH^−$)

A solution has a pH of $2$. How many times more acidic is it compared to a solution with a pH of $6$?

<p>10,000 times more acidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle plays a key role in chemical reactions?

<p>Electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reaction $2H + O \rightarrow H_2O$ is incorrect, why is $H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow H_2O$ also incorrect?

<p>Because the equation is not balanced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the incomplete reaction: $NaCl + Fe(NO_3)_2 \rightarrow $, what are the most likely products of this reaction?

<p>$FeCl_2 + NaNO_3$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane)?

<p>The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell and maintains cell integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for storing various substances within the cell?

<p>Vacuole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between a differentiated cell and a stem cell?

<p>Differentiated cells have a specific function, whereas stem cells can differentiate into various cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

<p>Anaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cancer's ability to metastasize contribute to its dangerous nature?

<p>Metastasis allows cancer to spread to vital organs and disrupt their function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of blood and their respective functions?

<p>Plasma (transports nutrients), red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune response), platelets (blood clotting). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between arteries and veins?

<p>Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of air passage during respiration?

<p>Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking negatively impact the respiratory system?

<p>It damages the alveoli, reduces lung capacity, and increases the risk of respiratory infections and cancer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the peripheral nervous system?

<p>All the nerves that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do myelin sheaths play in the nervous system?

<p>They insulate nerve fibers and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Xylem's primary function in plants?

<p>Conducting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the colour of light?

<p>Wavelength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A light ray reflects off a surface. The angle between the surface and the incident light ray is equal to $20^\circ$. What is the angle between the incident and reflected light ray?

<p>$140^\circ$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The magnification of an image is -1.2. What does this indicate about the image formed?

<p>The image is larger and inverted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the index of refraction of a substance is 1.5, calculate the speed of light in that substance.

<p>$2.0 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction must equal the total mass of the products.

Reactants and Products

In a chemical reaction, the reactants are the substances that are combined, while the products are the substances that are formed.

Acids and Bases

Acids are compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

pH Scale

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Acids have a pH less than 7, bases have a pH greater than 7, and neutral solutions have a pH of 7.

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Neutralization Reaction

A chemical reaction where an acid and a base react to form salt and water.

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Combustion Reactions

In complete combustion, a fuel reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. In incomplete combustion, there is not enough oxygen to fully oxidize the fuel, resulting in the production of carbon monoxide and soot.

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Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. They are involved in chemical bonding.

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Cell Theory

The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the basic unit of life, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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What is the 'highway' of the cell?

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that acts like a highway, transporting materials throughout the cell.

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What produces proteins in the cell?

Ribosomes are small organelles responsible for protein synthesis, essentially building the proteins the cell needs.

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What stores substances in the cell?

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened sacs that modify, package, and sort proteins and other molecules before sending them to their final destinations.

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What is the purpose of the cellular membrane?

The cellular membrane acts as a barrier, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. It's selectively permeable, meaning it chooses what can pass through.

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Where is DNA stored in the cell? How is the nucleolus related to this?

DNA is stored in the nucleus, which is the control center of the cell. The nucleolus is a smaller structure within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled.

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What is the cell cycle? How much of the cell cycle is spent in mitosis?

The cell cycle describes the stages a cell goes through from its creation until it divides. Mitosis, which is the division of the nucleus, is a relatively short part of this cycle.

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What are the four stages of mitosis? Describe what happens in each stage.

Mitosis is the process of nuclear division, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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What causes cancer?

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division. This can result from mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle, leading to abnormal cells proliferating.

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Why is cancer so dangerous?

Cancer is dangerous because it can invade surrounding tissues and disrupt vital functions, ultimately leading to organ failure and death.

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What happens when cancers metastasize?

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from their original site to other parts of the body. This makes the cancer much harder to treat and increases the risk of death.

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What is a tumor? What does it mean when a tumor is benign?

A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells. A benign tumor, although abnormal, is not cancerous and does not spread to other tissues.

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Almost every system in the body can develop cancer. Why?

Almost every system in the body can develop cancer because all cells have the potential to mutate and become cancerous. This mutation disrupts the normal cell cycle regulation.

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What is the difference between a specialized/differentiated cell and a stem cell?

A specialized cell has a specific function and structure. A stem cell is a less specialized cell that can differentiate into various types of cells.

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How are organisms organized? Start at the level of a cell.

Organisms are organized in a hierarchical manner starting with cells. Cells form tissues, tissues create organs, organs form organ systems, and organ systems make up an organism.

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State the function of the teeth and the esophagus.

Teeth are responsible for mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to digest. The esophagus acts as a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.

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State the function of the stomach and the small intestine.

The stomach churns food and mixes it with gastric juices, aiding digestion. The small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption.

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State the function of the large intestine and the rectum.

The large intestine absorbs water and forms waste. The rectum stores waste before it is expelled.

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State the function of the anus and the liver.

The anus is the opening through which waste is eliminated. The liver is a vital organ that produces bile, detoxifies the blood, and helps with nutrient metabolism.

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Study Notes

Chemistry Review

  • Mass Conservation in Reactions: The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in a chemical reaction.

Molecular vs. Ionic Compounds

  • Molecular Compounds: Formed from nonmetals bonding covalently. Named using prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.) to indicate the number of atoms.
  • Ionic Compounds: Formed from a metal and a nonmetal. Named using the cation (metal) name followed by the anion (nonmetal) name, often with a Roman numeral if the cation can have multiple charges.

Law of Conservation of Mass

  • Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; it is conserved.

Ions in Acids and Bases

  • Acids: Always contain a hydrogen (H+) ion.
  • Bases: Often contain a hydroxide (OH-) ion.

pH Ranges

  • Acidic: pH less than 7
  • Basic: pH greater than 7
  • Neutral: pH of 7

Acidity Comparison

  • A solution with a pH of 2 is 10000 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6. (Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference in acidity).

Physical Properties of Acids and Bases

  • Acids: Sour taste, corrosive, react with metals, turn litmus paper red.
  • Bases: Bitter taste, slippery feel, corrosive, turn litmus paper blue.

Valence Electrons and Shells

  • Valence Electrons: Found by looking at the group number (column) of the element on the periodic table.
  • Energy Levels (Shells): Found by looking at the period number (row) of the element on the periodic table.

Subatomic Particles in Reactions

  • Electrons are involved in chemical reactions.

Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

  • Visual representations of atomic structure, showing protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in energy levels surrounding it.
    • Examples (For NaCl and H2O) would be needed here to complete this section.

Types of Reactions

  • (A list of the types of reactions studied, e.g., synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion would be required to complete this section)

General Equations of Reaction Types

  • (General equations for each type of reaction, e.g., A + B → AB, AB → A + B, A + BC → B + AC, AB + CD → AD + CB, fuel + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide, etc.)

Combustion Equations

  • Complete Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
  • Incomplete Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water (or other products) or Carbon + Water

Neutralization Reactions

  • Products of a neutralization reaction are salt (ionic compound) and water.

Chemical Equation Correctness

  • H₂ + O₂ → H₂O is the correct balanced equation. H + O → H₂O is not balanced and incorrect.

Additional Questions (p. 309, 304)

  • (Answers require the specific questions from the text being referred to)

Balancing and Naming Compounds

  • (Requires the specific equations and compounds from the textbook or materials. Balancing chemical equations, writing word formulas, etc. is needed here to complete this section.)

Completing and Balancing Chemical Reactions

  • (This section requires the reactions and should be completed giving balanced chemical equations, e.g., NaCl + Fe(NO₃)₂)

Biology Review

Cell Theory

  • (A complete statement of the cell theory would be needed here)

Animal vs. Plant Cells

  • (A comparison of animal and plant cells, including key differences, and diagrams for the student)

Energy Production

  • Animal cells: Mitochondria
  • Plant cells: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Cell Structures/Components

  • "Highway" of the cell: Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Protein production: Ribosomes
  • Substance storage: Vacuoles

Cellular Membrane Purpose

  • Regulate what enters and exits the cell; protection

DNA Location and Nucleolus

  • Nucleus; Nucleolus is involved in ribosome production.

Cell Cycle

  • (A description of the cell cycle, with specific emphasis on mitosis duration)

Mitosis Stages

  • (A description of the four stages, including diagrams for the student to learn and apply)

Cancer

  • (Causes, dangers, metastasis, tumors, benign/malignant tumours, and universal predisposition.)

Specialized/Differentiated vs. Stem Cells

  • (A comparison of the fundamental characteristics)

Organism Organization

  • (Describing the progression from cell through to organism)

Digestive System

  • (Functions of the labeled organs, including accessory digestive organs, with diagrams showing locations.)

Cardiovascular System

  • (Functions of all the labeled organs, with diagrams showing locations, using explicit comparisons and contrasts.)

Blood Composition

  • (Components of blood and detailed explanation of their functions)

Heart Attack and Stroke

  • (Causes and consequences)

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

  • (Describing factors, recommendations, lifestyle choices)

Respiratory System

  • (Functions of labelled structures, diagrams, gas exchange mechanism, consequences of smoking, and a definition for tuberculosis related to the system.)

Cellular Respiration

  • (Relating the equation for respiration to the necessity of breathing, showing the interdependence of the system)

Musculoskeletal System

  • (Functions of the labelled structures, definition of osteoporosis, using diagrams showing locations.)

Nervous System

  • Central vs. peripheral nervous systems (explicit comparisons and contrasting); Brain cell name; purpose of myelin; and definition of Multiple Sclerosis

Plant Systems

  • Functions of the labelled plant structures and organs

Optics Review

  • (All answers for the questions on optics in the review sheet, including calculations, diagrams and explanations.)

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Description

This quiz covers foundational concepts in chemistry, including the law of conservation of mass, the difference between molecular and ionic compounds, and the properties of acids and bases. Test your knowledge on pH ranges and acidity levels across different solutions.

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