Chemistry Review: Mass and Compounds
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Questions and Answers

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, what must be true of the mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction if the products have a mass of $6$ grams?

  • The mass of the reactants must be exactly $6$ grams. (correct)
  • The mass of the reactants must be more than $6$ grams.
  • The mass of the reactants is independent of the mass of the products and can vary.
  • The mass of the reactants must be less than $6$ grams.

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference between molecular and ionic compounds?

  • Ionic compounds do not follow the Law of Conservation of Mass, but covalent compounds do.
  • Ionic compounds typically involve bonds between two nonmetals, whereas molecular compounds usually consist of a metal and a nonmetal.
  • Molecular compounds are formed through the transfer of electrons, while ionic compounds share electrons.
  • Molecular compounds are named using prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom, whereas ionic compounds use charges to balance the formula (correct)

    • What ion is characteristically present in all acidic solutions?

  • Sodium ion ($Na^+$)
  • Chloride ion ($Cl^−$)
  • Hydronium ion ($H_3O^+$) (correct)
  • Hydroxide ion ($OH^−$)

    • A solution has a pH of $2$. How many times more acidic is it compared to a solution with a pH of $6$?

    <p>10,000 times more acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subatomic particle plays a key role in chemical reactions?

    <p>Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reaction $2H + O \rightarrow H_2O$ is incorrect, why is $H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow H_2O$ also incorrect?

    <p>Because the equation is not balanced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given the incomplete reaction: $NaCl + Fe(NO_3)_2 \rightarrow $, what are the most likely products of this reaction?

    <p>$FeCl_2 + NaNO_3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of the cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane)?

    <p>The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell and maintains cell integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for storing various substances within the cell?

    <p>Vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction between a differentiated cell and a stem cell?

    <p>Differentiated cells have a specific function, whereas stem cells can differentiate into various cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cancer's ability to metastasize contribute to its dangerous nature?

    <p>Metastasis allows cancer to spread to vital organs and disrupt their function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of blood and their respective functions?

    <p>Plasma (transports nutrients), red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune response), platelets (blood clotting).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between arteries and veins?

    <p>Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct sequence of air passage during respiration?

    <p>Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does smoking negatively impact the respiratory system?

    <p>It damages the alveoli, reduces lung capacity, and increases the risk of respiratory infections and cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>All the nerves that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do myelin sheaths play in the nervous system?

    <p>They insulate nerve fibers and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Xylem's primary function in plants?

    <p>Conducting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the colour of light?

    <p>Wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A light ray reflects off a surface. The angle between the surface and the incident light ray is equal to $20^\circ$. What is the angle between the incident and reflected light ray?

    <p>$140^\circ$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The magnification of an image is -1.2. What does this indicate about the image formed?

    <p>The image is larger and inverted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the index of refraction of a substance is 1.5, calculate the speed of light in that substance.

    <p>$2.0 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemistry Review

    • Mass Conservation in Reactions: The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in a chemical reaction.

    Molecular vs. Ionic Compounds

    • Molecular Compounds: Formed from nonmetals bonding covalently. Named using prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.) to indicate the number of atoms.
    • Ionic Compounds: Formed from a metal and a nonmetal. Named using the cation (metal) name followed by the anion (nonmetal) name, often with a Roman numeral if the cation can have multiple charges.

    Law of Conservation of Mass

    • Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; it is conserved.

    Ions in Acids and Bases

    • Acids: Always contain a hydrogen (H+) ion.
    • Bases: Often contain a hydroxide (OH-) ion.

    pH Ranges

    • Acidic: pH less than 7
    • Basic: pH greater than 7
    • Neutral: pH of 7

    Acidity Comparison

    • A solution with a pH of 2 is 10000 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6. (Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference in acidity).

    Physical Properties of Acids and Bases

    • Acids: Sour taste, corrosive, react with metals, turn litmus paper red.
    • Bases: Bitter taste, slippery feel, corrosive, turn litmus paper blue.

    Valence Electrons and Shells

    • Valence Electrons: Found by looking at the group number (column) of the element on the periodic table.
    • Energy Levels (Shells): Found by looking at the period number (row) of the element on the periodic table.

    Subatomic Particles in Reactions

    • Electrons are involved in chemical reactions.

    Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

    • Visual representations of atomic structure, showing protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in energy levels surrounding it.
      • Examples (For NaCl and H2O) would be needed here to complete this section.

    Types of Reactions

    • (A list of the types of reactions studied, e.g., synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion would be required to complete this section)

    General Equations of Reaction Types

    • (General equations for each type of reaction, e.g., A + B → AB, AB → A + B, A + BC → B + AC, AB + CD → AD + CB, fuel + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide, etc.)

    Combustion Equations

    • Complete Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
    • Incomplete Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water (or other products) or Carbon + Water

    Neutralization Reactions

    • Products of a neutralization reaction are salt (ionic compound) and water.

    Chemical Equation Correctness

    • H₂ + O₂ → H₂O is the correct balanced equation. H + O → H₂O is not balanced and incorrect.

    Additional Questions (p. 309, 304)

    • (Answers require the specific questions from the text being referred to)

    Balancing and Naming Compounds

    • (Requires the specific equations and compounds from the textbook or materials. Balancing chemical equations, writing word formulas, etc. is needed here to complete this section.)

    Completing and Balancing Chemical Reactions

    • (This section requires the reactions and should be completed giving balanced chemical equations, e.g., NaCl + Fe(NO₃)₂)

    Biology Review

    Cell Theory

    • (A complete statement of the cell theory would be needed here)

    Animal vs. Plant Cells

    • (A comparison of animal and plant cells, including key differences, and diagrams for the student)

    Energy Production

    • Animal cells: Mitochondria
    • Plant cells: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

    Cell Structures/Components

    • "Highway" of the cell: Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Protein production: Ribosomes
    • Substance storage: Vacuoles

    Cellular Membrane Purpose

    • Regulate what enters and exits the cell; protection

    DNA Location and Nucleolus

    • Nucleus; Nucleolus is involved in ribosome production.

    Cell Cycle

    • (A description of the cell cycle, with specific emphasis on mitosis duration)

    Mitosis Stages

    • (A description of the four stages, including diagrams for the student to learn and apply)

    Cancer

    • (Causes, dangers, metastasis, tumors, benign/malignant tumours, and universal predisposition.)

    Specialized/Differentiated vs. Stem Cells

    • (A comparison of the fundamental characteristics)

    Organism Organization

    • (Describing the progression from cell through to organism)

    Digestive System

    • (Functions of the labeled organs, including accessory digestive organs, with diagrams showing locations.)

    Cardiovascular System

    • (Functions of all the labeled organs, with diagrams showing locations, using explicit comparisons and contrasts.)

    Blood Composition

    • (Components of blood and detailed explanation of their functions)

    Heart Attack and Stroke

    • (Causes and consequences)

    Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

    • (Describing factors, recommendations, lifestyle choices)

    Respiratory System

    • (Functions of labelled structures, diagrams, gas exchange mechanism, consequences of smoking, and a definition for tuberculosis related to the system.)

    Cellular Respiration

    • (Relating the equation for respiration to the necessity of breathing, showing the interdependence of the system)

    Musculoskeletal System

    • (Functions of the labelled structures, definition of osteoporosis, using diagrams showing locations.)

    Nervous System

    • Central vs. peripheral nervous systems (explicit comparisons and contrasting); Brain cell name; purpose of myelin; and definition of Multiple Sclerosis

    Plant Systems

    • Functions of the labelled plant structures and organs

    Optics Review

    • (All answers for the questions on optics in the review sheet, including calculations, diagrams and explanations.)

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    Description

    This quiz covers foundational concepts in chemistry, including the law of conservation of mass, the difference between molecular and ionic compounds, and the properties of acids and bases. Test your knowledge on pH ranges and acidity levels across different solutions.

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