Chemistry: Periodic Table & Classification

Study Notes

Metals and non-metals are classified based on their ability to conduct electricity and heat
Transition metals are in the center of the periodic table and are known for colourful compounds and variable oxidation states
Noble gases are in group 18 and are unreactive due to full valence electron shells
Trends in properties of elements are observed across periods (rows) and groups (columns)

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms (examples: methane, ethane)
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds between carbon atoms (examples: ethene)
Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) (examples: ethanol)
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) (examples: acetic acid)
Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols, often with pleasant smells (examples: ethyl acetate)

Characteristics of gases include pressure, volume, and temperature
The atmosphere is composed of various gases, including nitrogen and oxygen
Testing methods are used to determine air quality and techniques for purifying air
Processes of acquiring natural resources, releasing pollutants, and their impact on the environment are topics of discussion

Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms with distinct characteristics (e.g., density, boiling point)
Particle/kinetic theory proposes that matter is composed of tiny particles in constant motion
Diffusion is the spreading of particles from a concentrated region to a less concentrated region
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals
Valency is the combining power of an element, usually determined by the number of electrons involved in bonding
Mixtures combine two or more substances without forming a chemical bond, and methods are used to separate distinct components

Atoms are held together in compounds by various bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic)
Chemical formulas represent the elements and their ratios in compounds, with reactions showcasing transformations of substances
Reaction kinetics is the study of reaction rates and the factors affecting them
Equilibrium/reversible reactions proceed in two directions, reaching a balance
Energy changes occur during chemical reactions, either absorbing or releasing heat (exothermic or endothermic)
Combustion of fuels releases energy and often creates carbon dioxide and water

Acids and bases donate or accept protons, respectively
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7, indicating equilibrium between acids and bases
Acid-base reactions produce water and salts
Redox reactions involve electron transfer between substances
Reactivity series ranks metals based on their reactivity, from highest to lowest
Metal extraction involves separating metals from their ores
Corrosion involves the gradual destruction of metals through reactions with their environment