Science Study Guide - Midterm PDF

Science - Study Guide - Midterm: 1. Periodic Table Metals and Non-Metals: Elements that are good conductors of electricity and heat (metals) vs. those that are not (non-metals). Transition Metals: Elements found in the center of the periodic table, known for their abili...

Science - Study Guide - Midterm: 1. Periodic Table Metals and Non-Metals: Elements that are good conductors of electricity and heat (metals) vs. those that are not (non-metals). Transition Metals: Elements found in the center of the periodic table, known for their ability to form colorful compounds and variable oxidation states. Noble Gases: Elements in group 18, known for their lack of reactivity due to having full valence electron shells. Trends: Patterns observed in properties of elements across periods (rows) and groups (columns). Periods and Groups: Rows (periods) and columns (groups) in the periodic table that classify elements based on their properties. 2. IUPAC Naming and Classification Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms (e.g., methane, ethane). Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbon atoms (e.g., ethene). Alcohols: Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group (e.g., ethanol). Carboxylic Acids: Organic acids containing a carboxyl (-COOH) group (e.g., acetic acid). Esters: Organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols, often with pleasant smells (e.g., ethyl acetate). 3. The Atmosphere Characteristics of Gases: Properties such as pressure, volume, and temperature that define the behavior of gases. Atmospheric Composition: The mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen). Testing and Treatment: Methods to measure air quality and techniques to purify air. Extraction, Emission, and Environmental Implications: Processes of obtaining natural resources, releasing pollutants, and their effects on the environment. 4. Matter States and Properties of Matter: Different forms (solid, liquid, gas) and characteristics (e.g., density, boiling point). Particle/Kinetic Theory: The theory that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion. Diffusion: The process of particles spreading from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Atomic Structure: The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. Electron Configuration: The distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals. Valency: The combining power of an element, usually determined by the number of electrons it can lose, gain, or share. 5. Pure and Impure Substances Types of Mixtures: Combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded (e.g., solutions, alloys, emulsions). Separation Techniques: Methods to separate components of mixtures (e.g., filtration, distillation, chromatography). 6. Bonding Structure and Bonding: The way atoms are held together in compounds (ionic, covalent, metallic bonds). Chemical Formulas and Reactions: Symbols that represent the elements in a compound and their ratios; processes in which substances transform into new substances. Reaction Kinetics: The study of the rates of chemical reactions and the factors that affect them. Equilibria/Reversible Reactions: Reactions that can proceed in both forward and reverse directions to reach a balance. Energy Changes in Reactions: The heat energy absorbed or released during chemical reactions (exothermic or endothermic). Combustion of Fuels: The process of burning fuels to produce energy, often releasing carbon dioxide and water. 7. Types of Chemical Reactions Acids and Bases: Substances that can donate protons (acids) or accept protons (bases). Neutral Solutions: Solutions with a pH of 7, indicating a balance between acids and bases. Acid/Base Reactions: Reactions between acids and bases that produce water and salts. Redox Reactions: Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons between substances (oxidation and reduction). Reactivity Series: A list of metals arranged in order of their reactivity from highest to lowest. Extraction of Metals: Processes to obtain metals from their ores. Corrosion: The gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions with their environment.  Electrochemical Cells: Devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions.