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Questions and Answers
What is the bonding angle in a molecule with sp hybridization?
What is the bonding angle in a molecule with sp hybridization?
How many orbitals are mixed to form sp2 hybridized orbitals?
How many orbitals are mixed to form sp2 hybridized orbitals?
Which of the following molecules exhibits sp3 hybridization?
Which of the following molecules exhibits sp3 hybridization?
What type of symmetry is observed in sp2 hybridization?
What type of symmetry is observed in sp2 hybridization?
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What is the percentage character of 's' in sp2 hybrid orbitals?
What is the percentage character of 's' in sp2 hybrid orbitals?
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Which hybridization type is referred to as diagonal hybridization?
Which hybridization type is referred to as diagonal hybridization?
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In molecules with sp hybridization, how many atoms can the central atom be bonded to?
In molecules with sp hybridization, how many atoms can the central atom be bonded to?
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Which molecule is a common example of sp hybridization?
Which molecule is a common example of sp hybridization?
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What is the geometry of molecules with sp3 hybridization?
What is the geometry of molecules with sp3 hybridization?
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Which hybridization corresponds to a bond angle of approximately 120 degrees?
Which hybridization corresponds to a bond angle of approximately 120 degrees?
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Which statement about sp3 hybrid orbitals is true?
Which statement about sp3 hybrid orbitals is true?
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According to VSEPR theory, what is the primary factor that determines the shape of a molecule?
According to VSEPR theory, what is the primary factor that determines the shape of a molecule?
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What kind of hybridization is present in phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?
What kind of hybridization is present in phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?
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What is the bond angle formed between sp3 hybrid orbitals?
What is the bond angle formed between sp3 hybrid orbitals?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of sp3d2 hybridization?
Which is NOT a characteristic of sp3d2 hybridization?
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Which molecules are examples of sp2 hybridization?
Which molecules are examples of sp2 hybridization?
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Study Notes
Hybridization and VSEPR Theory
- Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for electron pairing in chemical bonds (valence bond theory).
- Overlapping is a chemical process where atomic orbitals overlap with each other. The concentration of orbitals between two different atoms forms a chemical bond.
- Hybridization forms new hybrid orbitals that create chemical bonds while overlapping forms new molecular orbitals that create chemical bonds.
- Orbitals of the same atom overlap to form hybrid orbitals, and orbitals of different atoms overlap to form chemical bonds.
Types of Hybridization
- Hybridization types are classified based on the involved orbitals, including sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2, and sp3d3.
- sp Hybridization: Mixing one s and one p orbital produces two new equivalent sp hybrid orbitals, forming a linear molecule with a 180° bond angle (examples include ethyne). Each sp hybridized orbital has equal amounts of s and p character (50% s, 50% p).
- sp2 Hybridization: Mixing one s and two p orbitals produces three new equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals, leading to a trigonal planar molecule with 120° bond angles. (examples include BF3, BH3, ethylene). Each sp2 hybridized orbital has 33.3% s character and 66.6% p character.
- sp3 Hybridization: Mixing one s and three p orbitals creates four new equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. These form a tetrahedral molecule with 109.5° bond angles. sp3 hybridized orbitals have 25% s character and 75% p character. (examples include methane, ethane, ammonia).
sp3d Hybridization
- Mixing one s, three p, and one d orbital produces five new equivalent sp3d hybrid orbitals. This leads to a trigonal bipyramidal structure.
- Three orbitals lie in a horizontal plane (equatorial), creating a 120° angle between them.
- The two remaining orbitals are perpendicular to the equatorial plane (axial), creating a 90° angle with each equatorial orbital.
sp3d2 Hybridization
- Mixing one s, three p, and two d orbitals forms six new equivalent sp3d2 hybrid orbitals, resulting in an octahedral geometry.
- All bond angles are 90°.
VSEPR Theory
- Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) is used to predict molecular shapes based on electron pair repulsion.
- Electron pairs in the outer shells of atoms repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible.
- Repulsion between lone pairs is greater than between lone pairs and bond pairs, which is greater than between bond pairs.
- Molecular shapes are determined by the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs around the central atom.
Examples of VSEPR Shapes
- Linear: BeCl2, CO2
- Trigonal planar: BF3
- Tetrahedral: CH4
- Trigonal pyramidal: NH3
- Bent: H2O
- Octahedral: SF6
Additional Notes
- The provided study guide includes information on various types of hybridization and their corresponding molecular shapes, along with applications of VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes of molecules with single or multiple bonds.
- Different geometries result depending on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons around the central atom.
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Description
Explore the concepts of hybridization and VSEPR theory in chemistry. This quiz covers the mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals and the types of hybridization, including sp, sp2, and sp3. Test your knowledge on how these theories explain the bonding and geometry of molecules.
