Chem 2 Chapter 13 Questions part 2

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Questions and Answers

What is a colligative property?

  • A property that depends on the chemical nature of the solute
  • A property that changes with molecular weight
  • A property that depends on the number of solute particles in a solution (correct)
  • A property that depends only on temperature
  • A property that determines the solubility of a substance

Which of the following is NOT a colligative property?

  • Osmotic pressure
  • Surface tension (correct)
  • Freezing point depression
  • Boiling point elevation
  • Vapor pressure lowering

What does the Van't Hoff factor (i) represent?

  • The boiling point of the solution
  • The ratio of solute to solvent molecules
  • The number of formula units in a solution
  • The number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution (correct)
  • The molecular weight of a solute

Which of the following compounds has a Van't Hoff factor (i) of 3?

<p>CaCl2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the boiling point of a solution when a non-volatile solute is added?

<p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freezing point depression occurs because:

<p>Solute particles disrupt the formation of the solid phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solution has the highest boiling point?

<p>1 M CaCl2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in determining the magnitude of a colligative property?

<p>The number of solute particles in solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a solution?

<p>A homogeneous mixture with completely dissolved solute particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a colloid from a true solution?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a colloid?

<p>Milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tyndall effect is observed in:

<p>Colloids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a hydrophilic colloid?

<p>Strong attraction to water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrophilic colloids remain stable in water?

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stabilizes hydrophobic colloids in water?

<p>Emulsification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do surfactants play in emulsification?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hydrophobic colloid?

<p>Paint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a colloidal solution is destabilized?

<p>Particles aggregate and settle out (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to osmotic pressure when solute concentration increases?

<p>It increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the magnitude of colligative properties?

<p>The mass of the solvent (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solute has the greatest effect on colligative properties?

<p>A strong electrolyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the addition of a solute do to the vapor pressure of a solvent?

<p>Lowers it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does an electrolyte have a greater effect on colligative properties than a nonelectrolyte?

<p>It dissociates into multiple particles (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a solution and a colloid?

<p>Colloids scatter light (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property allows colloids to remain dispersed in a solvent?

<p>Electrostatic repulsion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an emulsifier stabilize a colloid?

<p>By preventing aggregation (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of colloid consists of liquid droplets dispersed in another liquid?

<p>Emulsion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason hydrophobic colloids need stabilization?

<p>They tend to aggregate in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Van't Hoff factor in colligative property calculations?

<p>To account for solute dissociation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Colligative property

A property of a solution that depends solely on the number of solute particles present, not their identity.

Vapor pressure lowering

The process where a non-volatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solvent.

Freezing point depression

The temperature at which a solution begins to freeze, which is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.

Boiling point elevation

The temperature at which a solution boils, which is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent.

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Osmotic pressure

The pressure that needs to be applied to prevent the inward flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane.

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Van't Hoff factor (i)

The number of particles a solute dissociates into when dissolved in a solvent.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are completely dissolved in the solvent.

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Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture where the solute particles are dispersed but not dissolved, and can be seen with the naked eye.

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Colloid

A heterogeneous mixture where the solute particles are larger than in a solution but smaller than in a suspension, and remain dispersed.

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Colloid (Tyndall effect)

A mixture with a larger particle size that scatters light, making it appear cloudy or opaque.

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Hydrophilic colloid

A colloid that has a strong attraction to water and forms a hydration shell.

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Hydration shell

The formation of a layer of water molecules around a hydrophilic colloid, stabilizing it.

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Hydrophobic colloid

A colloid that has a low affinity for water and repels it.

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Surfactant

A substance that stabilizes a colloid by reducing surface tension and preventing aggregation.

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Emulsion

A colloid where tiny droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid.

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Emulsification

The process of stabilizing a hydrophobic colloid by adding a surfactant, which prevents aggregation.

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Colloid destabilization

The process where a colloid becomes unstable, causing the particles to aggregate and precipitate out.

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Foam

A type of colloid where gas bubbles are trapped in a liquid.

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Osmotic pressure (concentration)

The pressure difference across a semipermeable membrane due to the difference in solute concentrations.

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Colligative property (solute number)

The greater the number of solute particles, the greater the effect on colligative properties.

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Colligative property (solute identity)

The identity of the solute affects the magnitude of colligative properties because some solutes dissociate into more particles.

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Electrolyte

A compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

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Nonelectrolyte

A compound that does not dissociate into ions in water.

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Colligative property (electrolyte)

Electrolytes have a greater impact on colligative properties than nonelectrolytes.

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Vapor pressure (solute)

A solution's vapor pressure is lowered when a solute is added.

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Freezing point depression (solute)

The addition of a solute lowers the freezing point of a solvent.

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Boiling point elevation (solute)

The addition of a solute raises the boiling point of a solvent.

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Colligative property (concentration)

The magnitude of colligative properties is directly proportional to the number of solute particles and inversely proportional to the mass of the solvent.

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Van't Hoff factor (use)

The Van't Hoff factor is used to account for the dissociation of electrolytes into multiple particles.

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Study Notes

Colligative Properties

  • Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles, not the nature of the solute.
  • Key colligative properties include boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure.

Van't Hoff Factor (i)

  • Represents the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution.
  • For example, NaCl dissociates into Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, so i = 2.
  • Also known as the van't Hoff factor.

Boiling Point Elevation

  • Adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent increases its boiling point.

Freezing Point Depression

  • Adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent decreases its freezing point.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

  • Adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent lowers its vapor pressure.

Osmotic Pressure

  • A pressure difference created by a selectively permeable membrane, separating solutions of different concentrations.

Solute Effects on Boiling Point

  • Non-volatile solutes increase boiling points.

Solute Effects on Freezing Point

  • Non-volatile solutes decrease freezing points.

Solution vs. Colloid

  • Solutions have small solute particles that dissolve completely.
  • Colloids have larger solute particles that don't dissolve but remain dispersed in the solvent.

Tyndall Effect

  • Light scattering by colloidal particles.

Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic Colloids

  • Hydrophilic colloids interact well with water (attraction to water).
  • Hydrophobic colloids do not interact well with water (repulsion from water).

Emulsification

  • Dispersion of one liquid in another, aided by surfactants (like emulsifiers).

Factors affecting Colligative Properties

  • Number of solute particles affects colligative properties.
  • Solvent identity does not affect colligative properties.

Compounds with Van't Hoff Factors

  • NaCl (i = 2)
  • CaCl₂ (i = 3)

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