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What is the definition of a colligative property?
What is the definition of a colligative property?
Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles, but not on their identity.
In calculations involving colligative properties, concentration is provided by what?
In calculations involving colligative properties, concentration is provided by what?
Molality
What is the equation for molality?
What is the equation for molality?
M = moles of solute/kg of solvent
What are the 4 colligative properties?
What are the 4 colligative properties?
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What happens during vapor pressure reduction?
What happens during vapor pressure reduction?
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Few what exist above the liquid causing vapor pressure reduction?
Few what exist above the liquid causing vapor pressure reduction?
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Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure above a liquid equalizes with what?
Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure above a liquid equalizes with what?
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Because solute addition reduces vapor pressure, a what temperature is necessary to get the vapor pressure up to atmospheric pressure?
Because solute addition reduces vapor pressure, a what temperature is necessary to get the vapor pressure up to atmospheric pressure?
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The amount by which the boiling point is raised by solute addition is called what?
The amount by which the boiling point is raised by solute addition is called what?
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The BPE is the difference between the boiling point of the what and that of the solution.
The BPE is the difference between the boiling point of the what and that of the solution.
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The BPE is directly proportional to what?
The BPE is directly proportional to what?
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What is the equation for BPE?
What is the equation for BPE?
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What is Kb?
What is Kb?
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The ability of a dissolved solute to lower the freezing point of its solution is known as what?
The ability of a dissolved solute to lower the freezing point of its solution is known as what?
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The decrease in the freezing point is directly proportional to what?
The decrease in the freezing point is directly proportional to what?
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What is the equation for FPD?
What is the equation for FPD?
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What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
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What does it mean to be semipermeable?
What does it mean to be semipermeable?
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Two solutions with identical osmotic pressure are said to be what?
Two solutions with identical osmotic pressure are said to be what?
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One solution has a lower osmotic pressure than another; it is said to be?
One solution has a lower osmotic pressure than another; it is said to be?
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One solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another; it is said to be?
One solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another; it is said to be?
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Study Notes
Colligative Properties Overview
- Colligative properties depend on solute particle concentration rather than their identity.
- Key properties include vapor pressure reduction, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
Concentration Measurement
- Molality (m) is the preferred measure of concentration for colligative property calculations.
- The formula for molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Vapor Pressure Reduction
- Adding a nonvolatile solute to a pure solvent decreases the vapor pressure by occupying surface space, limiting solvent evaporation.
- The presence of gas molecules above the liquid is necessary for vapor pressure.
Boiling Point Elevation
- The boiling point is reached when the vapor pressure above a liquid equals atmospheric pressure.
- Solute addition results in a higher boiling point necessary to achieve atmospheric pressure.
- The difference in boiling point due to solute presence is termed boiling point elevation (BPE).
- BPE is directly proportional to the solution's molality.
Equations for Boiling Point Elevation
- The equation representing boiling point elevation is Tb = Kb x m, where Kb is the molal boiling point constant.
Freezing Point Depression
- The ability of a solute to lower a solution's freezing point is known as freezing point depression (FPD).
- FPD is directly proportional to the solution's molality.
- The equation for freezing point depression is Tf = Kf x m, where Kf is the molal freezing point constant.
Osmosis
- Osmosis refers to the net movement of solvent molecules from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one.
- Semipermeable membranes only allow certain particles to pass through.
Types of Solutions Based on Osmotic Pressure
- Solutions with identical osmotic pressure are classified as isotonic.
- A solution with lower osmotic pressure is termed hypotonic.
- A solution with higher osmotic pressure is referred to as hypertonic.
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Test your understanding of colligative properties with these flashcards. This quiz covers definitions, calculations, and key equations related to colligative properties and their significance in chemistry. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their knowledge in this area.
