Chemistry Chapter: Water and Atomic Structure

Water Molecules

• Water molecules exhibit polarity.
• Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds.

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic bonds result from electrical attraction between oppositely charged particles.
• Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
• Polar covalent bonds involve unequal electron sharing.
• Nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal electron sharing.

Atomic Structure

• Electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.
• Rutherford's experiments demonstrated that the nucleus has a positive charge and concentrated mass.

Hydration Spheres

• Ions and polar molecules are surrounded by a hydration sphere of water molecules in liquid water.

Acids and Bases

• Aqueous solutions with a high concentration of hydronium ions are called acids.

Hydrogen Ions

• Hydrogen ions (H+) are unbound protons.
• They are the basis for measuring pH.
• They can be targets of buffers.

Atomic Structure (Specific Examples)

• Fluorine: 9 protons, 10 neutrons, 9 electrons
• Sodium-22: 11 protons, 11 neutrons, 11 electrons
• Lithium ion (Li+): 3 protons, 4 neutrons, 2 electrons
• Iron: 26 protons, 30 neutrons, 26 electrons
• Barium ion (Ba2+): 56 protons, 81 neutrons, 54 electrons

Chemical Bonds and Atoms

• Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds.

Protein and Nucleic Acid Structure

• Denatured proteins and DNA have lost their three-dimensional structure and function.
• Nucleotides compose nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA). Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• Hydrogen bonds maintain the three-dimensional structure of proteins and nucleic acids.

Lipids

• Saturated fats have no double bonds in their fatty acid tails.
• Lipids primarily function in energy storage.

Carbohydrates

• Glucose is a simple sugar.
• Starch, sucrose, and lactose are complex carbohydrates.

Chemical Reactions

• Hydrolysis is a breakdown reaction that involves the addition of water.
• Dehydration synthesis creates polymers from monomers by removing water.

Water Properties

• Water exhibits cohesion.
• Water is an excellent solvent.
• Water organizes hydrophobic molecules.
• Water has a relatively high specific heat.

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in chemistry, including the properties of water molecules, types of chemical bonding, and atomic structure. You'll explore topics like hydration spheres, acids, and the significance of hydrogen ions. Test your understanding of these essential principles in chemistry!