Chemistry Chapter on pH and Acid Rain
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about pH is true?

  • A solution with a pH greater than 7 is basic. (correct)
  • A pH of 7 is considered acidic.
  • A pH of 5 indicates a basic solution.
  • The pH scale ranges from -14 to 14.

    • Acid precipitation can occur due to reactions involving nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.

    True (A)

    What are the two products formed in a neutralization reaction?

    water and salt

    Burning coal produces _____, which contributes to acid rain.

    <p>sulfur dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their respective solutions:

    <p>H+ = Acidic solution OH- = Basic solution Na+ = Neutral salt Cl- = Neutral salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?

    <p>Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pH of 5 is less acidic than a pH of 7.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.

    <p>automobiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a main gas that contributes to smog?

    <p>Ozone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquatic life can tolerate large changes in pH without adverse effects.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that allows one cell to produce two identical cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acid precipitation can lead to a reduction in ______ stocks, impacting recreational fishing.

    <p>fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of cell division with their descriptions:

    <p>Mitosis = Produces genetically identical offspring Meiosis = Produces gametes with half the chromosome number Asexual Reproduction = Involves a single organism Sexual Reproduction = Involves two parents contributing genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to clean up acid precipitation?

    <p>Install scrubbers in industrial smoke stacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trees weakened by acidic soil are more resilient to diseases and harsh weather.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do prokaryotes not contain?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, sperm with 23 and egg with 23 combine to form ______ chromosomes total.

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of insulin?

    <p>To lower blood sugar levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by the pancreas secreting more insulin than necessary.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of blood?

    <p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of __________ is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

    <p>red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of diabetes with their descriptions:

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes = Pancreas secretes less insulin Type 2 Diabetes = Cells are less sensitive to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for pumping blood in the circulatory system?

    <p>Heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are whole cells that participate in blood clotting.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood component indicates an infection when present in high numbers?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs are often described as the branches of an __________ tree.

    <p>upside-down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fluid in the circulatory system?

    <p>Blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes can be managed through regular exercise and a healthy diet.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To exchange gases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma primarily affects the digestive system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by abnormally thick mucus blocking airways?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle during inhalation causes the thoracic cavity to __________.

    <p>enlarge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory disorders with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Asthma = Contraction of smooth muscle around airways Bronchitis = Inflammation of bronchial lining with excess mucus Cystic Fibrosis = Abnormally thick mucus in airways Organ Rejection = Body's response against transplanted organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal and oral cavities in the respiratory system?

    <p>Filtering and moistening air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coughing is a mechanism that helps clear the air passages when food enters the trachea.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when swallowing?

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

    <p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Nasal cavity = Filters and moistens air Trachea = Conducts air to lungs Larynx = Produces sound Alveoli = Site of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

    <p>Filter and sweep debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moist air is more irritating to the air passages than dry air.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the upper respiratory tract is also known as the voice box?

    <p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ are the primary organs involved in gas exchange.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the trachea?

    <p>It connects the pharynx to the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 1 - Biology: Chapter 1 - Atoms

    • Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical identity of a substance.
    • Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to undergo chemical changes or reactions.
    • Physical changes alter the appearance or form of a substance without changing its chemical composition.
    • Chemical changes alter the chemical composition of a substance, creating new substances.

    Unit 1 - Biology: Chapter 1 - Atoms: Atom Structure & Notation

    • Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom and are negatively charged.
    • Protons are found in the nucleus and are positively charged.
    • Neutrons are found in the nucleus and are neutrally charged.
    • Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons in an atom's nucleus. For example, gold has an atomic number of 79.
    • Atomic Mass: The number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. For example Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass of 19.
    • Neutrons are calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass.

    Unit 1 - Biology: Chapter 1 - Atoms: Molecular Compounds

    • This section covers molecular compounds and is potentially on a final exam.

    Unit 1 - Biology: Chapter 1 - Atoms: Polyatomic Ions

    • Polyatomic ions are stable groups of atoms held together that behave like a single ionic particle.
    • The entire charge in a polyatomic ion is shared by all atoms.
    • Criss-cross method is used.
    • Charges should be used correctly.
    • Brackets should be used correctly.

    Chapter 2 - Equations: Conservation of Mass

    • The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter is neither created nor destroyed.

    Chapter 2 - Equations: Types of Reactions

    • Synthesis: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O₂
    • Decomposition: CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
    • Single Displacement: Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
    • Double Displacement: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
    • Combustion: C₂H₃ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

    Chapter 3 - Acids and Bases

    • Acids react with metals and carbonates, conduct electricity, turn blue litmus paper red, and neutralize bases.
    • Acids taste sour.
    • All acids release at least one hydrogen ion (H⁺) when they dissolve in water. Example: HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq).
    • Acids have H in front of their formula.
    • Two common groups of acids are binary and oxyacids.

    Chapter 3 - Acids and Bases: pH Scale

    • pH measures how acidic or basic a solution is.
    • The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
    • A pH of 7 is neutral.
    • A pH less than 7 is acidic; the lower the number, the more acidic.
    • A pH greater than 7 is basic; the higher the number, the more basic.

    Chapter 3 - Acids and Bases: Neutralization Reactions

    • Neutralization reactions occur when an acid and a base react to form products with a pH closer to 7.
    • The products are typically an ionic compound (salt) and water.

    Chapter 3 - Acids and Bases: Acid Precipitation

    • Acid precipitation is any precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) that becomes acidic from reacting with atmospheric compounds (like SO₂ and nitrogen oxides).
    • Many industrial processes release chemicals like SO₂ into the air.
    • These compounds mix with water in the atmosphere and form acids that fall to Earth.
    • Example: Acid rain can have a pH below 5.6

    Chapter 1 - Cells: Plant and Animal Cells

    • Prokaryotes: Cells that do not contain a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
    • Eukaryotes: Cells that contain a nucleus (e.g., animals, plants, fungi, protists).

    Chapter 1 - Cells: Importance of Cell Division

    • Reproduction and growth depend on cell division.
    • Three crucial aspects of cell division are Reproduction, Growth, and Repair.

    Chapter 1 - Cells: Cell Cycle (KNOW THE DRAWINGS)

    • Interphase
    • Prophase
    • Metaphase
    • Anaphase
    • Telophase
    • Cytokinesis, where cells physically split into two cells.

    Chapter 1 - Cancer

    • Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably.
    • Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
    • Malignant tumors can spread (metastasize).

    Chapter 2 - Body Systems: Digestive System

    • The digestive system processes food for absorption.
    • Starts in the mouth with saliva (for carbohydrate breakdown)
    • Continues in the stomach and small intestine, using acid and enzymes.
    • Food is physically and chemically digested and moved along the passage.
    • Different regions have different functions in the digestive system.
    • The large and small intestine are two major parts of the digestive system, and work together to efficiently absorb nutrients.
    • There are several accessory organs involved in different stages of the digestion process. (i.e., salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

    Chapter 2 - Body Systems: Circulation System

    • The circulatory system involves the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
    • The function of circulating blood involves getting oxygen to cells, taking CO2 away from cells, and transporting nutrients, wastes, and cells throughout the body.
    • Plasma is the fluid component of blood, containing various types of proteins, dissolved gases, and nutrients.
    • Red blood cells carry oxygen.
    • White blood cells fight infection.
    • Platelets aid in clotting.

    Chapter 2 - Body Systems: Respiration System

    • The respiratory system involves the nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
    • Air enters through the nasal or oral passages, travels through the pharynx, and into the trachea.
    • From the trachea air branches into bronchi then bronchioles.
    • The alveoli are tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs.

    Chapter 2 - Body Systems: The Nervous System

    • The nervous system controls and coordinates bodily functions. Central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls voluntary and involuntary functions.
    • The brain and spinal cord send and receive messages, sending out responses based on inputs from the body and external environment. Nerves carry messages between the organs.

    Chapter 2 - Body Systems: System Interactions

    • The digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems interact to maintain optimal functionality for the body. Nutrients are broken down by the digestive system then travel to the rest of the body via the circulatory system, and oxygen is delivered to cells by the respiration system controlled by the nerve signals sent from the nervous system.

    Chapter 3 - Plant Systems

    • Plant systems are made up of roots, shoot systems, which include stems, leaves, flowers and more.

    Chapter 3 - Plant Tissues

    • Meristematic tissue divides and grows the plant.
    • Dermal tissue protects and holds moisture.
    • Ground tissue is used for storage and support.
    • Vascular tissue transports materials through the plant.

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    Science Final Exam Unit 1 Biology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pH levels, acid precipitation, and neutralization reactions. This quiz covers essential concepts related to acids, their effects on the environment, and cellular processes. Determine how well you understand the chemistry behind acid rain and its impact on aquatic life.

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