Chemistry Chapter 3 Flashcards

Key Concepts in Chemistry

• Volume: Measurement of space an object occupies; critical in various chemical calculations.

• Mass: Denotes the amount of matter in an object; fundamental in defining density and reactions.

• Substance: Matter with a uniform and definite composition, essential for chemical identification.

• Physical Property: Observable/measurable qualities that don't alter the substance’s composition, such as color or density.

• States of Matter:

  • Solid: Definite shape and volume, closely packed particles.
  • Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of the container; particles are less tightly packed than solids.
  • Gas: Takes both the shape and volume of its container; particles are far apart and move freely.
  • Vapor: Gaseous state of substances typically found as liquids or solids at room temperature.

• Physical Change: Transformation that does not affect a substance's chemical composition, such as freezing or melting.

• Mixtures:

  • Extensive Property: Depends on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume).
  • Intensive Property: Depends on the type of matter regardless of quantity (e.g., boiling point).
  • Heterogeneous Mixture: Composition is not uniform; components can often be seen separately.
  • Homogeneous Mixture (Solution): Uniform composition throughout; components are indistinguishable.

• Separation Techniques:

  • Distillation: Method to separate liquid mixtures based on boiling point differences.
  • Filtration: Technique for isolating solids from liquids in heterogeneous mixtures.

• Chemical Entities:

  • Element: Simplest form of matter with unique properties.
  • Compound: Substances formed from two or more elements, separable only through chemical changes.

• Chemical Symbol: A one or two-letter notation representing an element on the periodic table.

• Chemical Change: Process resulting in new substances with different compositions from the originals.

• Chemical Reaction: Interaction where reactants transform into products.

• Reactants and Products:

  • Reactants: Initial substances in a reaction.
  • Products: Substances produced by a reaction.

• Chemical Properties: Indicate the ability of a substance to participate in chemical changes, such as flammability and oxidation.

• Precipitate: Solid that forms from a liquid mixture, often signaling a chemical reaction.

• Matter: Any entity occupying space and possessing mass.

Energy and Temperature

• Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

• Energy Units: Common units include joules, calories, and kilowatt-hours.

• Temperature Units: Temperature can be measured in Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin.

• Heat Capacity: Energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C; important for thermal calculations.

Density and Plasma

• Density Equation: Density (D) is calculated using the formula D = Mass / Volume.

• Plasma: An ionized state of matter found in extreme conditions, such as in nuclear explosions.

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

• Physical Changes: Examples include boiling water, melting/freezing points, malleability, ductility, and colorless/odorless characteristics.

• Chemical Changes: Indicators include flammability and oxidation (e.g., rusting); signify the formation of new substances.

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Chemistry Chapter 3. Each card covers key concepts such as volume, mass, and physical properties that are essential for understanding the foundation of chemistry. Perfect for review or study sessions!