Chemistry Chapter 14 Acids and Bases Flashcards
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What is a binary acid?

  • An acid that contains oxygen
  • An acid that does not contain oxygen (correct)
  • An acid made up of only hydrogen
  • None of the above

    • What is an oxyacid?

  • An acid that does not contain oxygen
  • An acid that ionizes completely
  • An acid that releases few hydrogen ions
  • An acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element (correct)

    • What is an Arrhenius acid?

    A substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions in aqueous solution.

    What is an Arrhenius base?

    <p>A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a strong acid?

    <p>An acid that ionizes completely in a solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a weak acid?

    <p>An acid that releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

    <p>A substance that donates a proton to another substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bronsted-Lowry base?

    <p>A substance that accepts a proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction?

    <p>The transfer of protons from one reactant (the acid) to another (the base).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monoprotic acid?

    <p>An acid that can donate only one proton to a base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polyprotic acid?

    <p>An acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a diprotic acid?

    <p>An acid that has two ionizable hydrogen atoms in each molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a triprotic acid?

    <p>An acid that has three ionizable protons per molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a Lewis acid?

    <p>An atom, ion, or molecule that accepts a pair of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a Lewis base?

    <p>An atom, ion, or molecule that donates a pair of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of a Lewis acid-base reaction?

    <p>The formation of one or more covalent bonds between an electron-pair donor and an electron-pair acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conjugate acid?

    <p>An acid that forms when a base gains a proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conjugate base?

    <p>A base that forms when an acid loses a proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does amphoteric mean?

    <p>Describes a substance that has the properties of both an acid and a base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neutralization?

    <p>The reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules and a salt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a salt in chemistry?

    <p>An ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or a positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactic acid?

    <p>Acid in milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acetic acid?

    <p>Acid in vinegar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phosphoric acid used in?

    <p>Used in producing fertilizer and animal feed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is citric acid?

    <p>Acid in lemons, oranges, and grapefruits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is malic acid?

    <p>Acid in apples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tartaric acid?

    <p>Acid in grapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lye?

    <p>Sodium hydroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some properties of acids?

    <p>Acids have a sour taste, change the color of indicators, react with metals to release hydrogen gas, react with bases to produce salts and water, and conduct electric current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some properties of bases?

    <p>Bases taste bitter, change indicator colors, feel slippery, react with acids to produce salts and water, and conduct electric current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ an acid is, the _______ its conjugate base.

    <p>Stronger; weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ a base is, the ________ its conjugate acid.

    <p>Stronger; weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proton-transfer reactions favor the production of the _______ acid and the ______ base.

    <p>Weaker; weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hydroxyl group?

    <p>The covalently bonded -OH group in an acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acid rain?

    <p>Very acidic rain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sulfuric acid used for?

    <p>Used in petroleum refining, fertilizer production, car batteries, and as a water removing agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nitric acid do?

    <p>Stains proteins yellow; used in explosives, rubber, and pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydrochloric acid found in?

    <p>Found in the stomach; used to pickle iron and steel, and as a general cleaning agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is acetic acid used?

    <p>Used in making food supplements and as a fungicide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are molecular compounds with ionizable hydrogen atoms.

    <p>Arrhenius acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water solutions with Arrhenius acids are called _________.

    <p>Aqueous acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most ________ are ionic compounds containing metal cations and the hydroxide anion, OH- dissociated in water.

    <p>Bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ ion can accept a proton.

    <p>OH-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ definition is the broadest of the three acid definitions.

    <p>Lewis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bare proton (hydrogen ion) is a ______.

    <p>Lewis acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conjugate base?

    <p>The species that remains after a Bronsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reactions involve two acid-base pairs, known as _________.

    <p>Conjugate acid-base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of compounds can form acidic solutions with water to make acid rain?

    <p>NO, NO2, CO2, SO2, and SO3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a Lewis acid?

    <p>Any compound in which the central atom has three valence electrons and forms three covalent bonds can react as a Lewis acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acids and Bases Terminology

    • Binary Acid: Acid without oxygen, e.g., hydrofluoric acid.
    • Oxyacid: Contains hydrogen, oxygen, and usually a nonmetal.
    • Arrhenius Acid: Increases hydronium ions in aqueous solution.
    • Arrhenius Base: Increases hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
    • Strong Acid: Completely ionizes in a solvent.
    • Weak Acid: Releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.

    Acid-Base Theories

    • Bronsted-Lowry Acid: Donates a proton to another substance.
    • Bronsted-Lowry Base: Accepts a proton.
    • Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reaction: Proton transfer between acid and base.
    • Lewis Acid: Accepts a pair of electrons, forming covalent bonds.
    • Lewis Base: Donates a pair of electrons.
    • Lewis Acid-Base Reaction: Formation of covalent bonds between electron-pair donor and acceptor.

    Acid-Base Properties

    • Monoprotic Acid: Donates one proton, has one ionization step.
    • Polyprotic Acid: Can donate more than one proton.
    • Diprotic Acid: Has two ionizable hydrogens, example: sulfuric acid.
    • Triprotic Acid: Has three ionizable protons, example: phosphoric acid.
    • Conjugate Acid: Formed when a base gains a proton.
    • Conjugate Base: Formed when an acid loses a proton.
    • Amphoteric Substance: Can act as either an acid or a base, e.g., water.

    Reactions and Neutralization

    • Neutralization: Reaction between hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water and salt.
    • Salt: Formed when a metal replaces hydrogen in an acid.

    Specific Acids and Bases

    • Lactic Acid: Found in milk.
    • Acetic Acid: Found in vinegar; pure form is glacial acetic acid.
    • Phosphoric Acid: Present in carbonated beverages; used in fertilizers.
    • Citric Acid: Found in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges.
    • Malic Acid: Present in apples.
    • Tartaric Acid: Found in grapes.
    • Sulfuric Acid: Most produced industrial chemical; used in refining and manufacturing.
    • Nitric Acid: Used in explosives, rubber, and pharmaceuticals, and stains proteins yellow.
    • Hydrochloric Acid: Found in stomach; used in cleaning and pickling metals.
    • Organic Acids: Contain the carboxyl group (-COOH).

    Properties of Acids and Bases

    • Acid Properties: Sour taste, color change in indicators, reacts with metals, produces salts and water.
    • Base Properties: Bitter taste, color change in indicators, slippery feel, reacts with acids to form salts.

    General Concepts

    • Hydroxyl Group: -OH group that makes a compound acidic.
    • Acid Rain: Result of acidic solutions from compounds like NO, NO2, SO2, etc.
    • Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs: Involve two acid-base pairs in Bronsted-Lowry reactions.
    • Hydroxide Ion (OH-): Can accept a proton, characterizing basicity.
    • Strength Relationship: Strong acid corresponds to a weaker conjugate base, and vice versa for bases.

    Additional Definitions

    • Stronger; Weaker: The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base; the stronger the base, the weaker its conjugate acid.
    • Weaker; Weaker: Proton-transfer reactions favor the formation of weaker acid-base products.
    • Arrhenius Acid: Molecular compounds with ionizable hydrogen atoms.
    • Aqueous Acids: Water solutions containing Arrhenius acids.
    • Most Bases: Ionic compounds containing metal cations and hydroxide anions.
    • Lewis: The broadest definition of acids and bases in terms of electron pair transfer.

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    Explore important concepts in Chemistry Chapter 14 regarding acids and bases with this flashcard quiz. Learn definitions and characteristics of binary acids, oxyacids, and Arrhenius definitions. Perfect for solidifying your understanding of acid-base chemistry.

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