Chemistry and Sustainable Development Goals

Chapter 1

• Introduction, Atom Economy, Principles of Green Chemistry, UN Sustainable Development Goals.
• Presented by Dr. Waseem Abu Oun.

Introduction

• During the 20th century, chemistry transformed daily life.
• Transportation: Gasoline and diesel production from petroleum and crops, fuel additives for improved efficiency, reduced emissions, catalytic converters, and lighter vehicles.
• Clothing: Man-made fibers like rayon and nylon, dyes, waterproofing, and surface finishing chemicals.
• Sports: Advanced composite materials for equipment like rackets and surfaces, weather-resistant textiles, lightweight helmets, and fire-retardant furniture.
• Safety: Lightweight polycarbonate helmets, fire-retardant furniture, and airbags.
• Food: Refrigerants, packaging, containers, food processing aids, and preservatives.

Green Chemistry

• Aimed at promoting innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances in chemical products design, manufacturing, and usage.
• Focus areas: Waste reduction, material selection, minimizing hazard, risk management, energy efficiency, and minimizing cost.

Goals of Green Chemistry

• Reduce adverse environmental impact through appropriate and innovative material choices and transformations.
• Develop processes using renewable rather than non-renewable raw materials.
• Create processes that minimize obnoxious chemical releases, fires, and explosions.
• Redesign reactions and sequences to minimize byproducts.
• Develop less toxic products.
• Develop products that degrade more rapidly in the environment.
• Reduce the use of hazardous solvents and extractants in chemical processes.
• Improve energy efficiency by using low temperature and pressure processes with new catalysts.
• Develop efficient and reliable methods to monitor chemical processes for improved controls.

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

• 1. Prevention of Waste: Preventing waste is better than treating or cleaning up waste later.
• 2. Atom Economy: Maximize the incorporation of reactants into the final product.
• 3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis: Design chemical syntheses for little-to-no toxicity to humans and the environment.
• 4. Designing Safer Chemicals: Create chemicals that achieve their desired function while reducing toxicity.
• 5. Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries: Minimize or eliminate auxiliary substances wherever possible.
• 6. Design for Energy Efficiency: Reduce the energy requirements of chemical processes.
• 7. Use of Renewable Feedstock: Use renewable feedstock instead of depleting resources.

Continued 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

• 8. Reduce Derivatives: Minimize or eliminate temporary modifications to chemical processes.
• 9. Catalysis: Favor catalytic reagents over stoichiometric reagents.
• 10. Design for Degradation: Design chemical products to degrade after use.
• 11. Real-Time Analysis for Pollution Prevention: Implement real-time monitoring and control measures to avoid the formation of hazardous substances.
• 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: Select substances and forms that reduce the risks of accidents.

Atom Economy

• A measure of how many reactant atoms end up in the desired product rather than byproducts or waste.
• Calculated as (relative molecular mass of desired product) × 100 / (relative molecular mass of all reactants).
• Higher percentage indicates higher atom efficiency.
• Atom economy is considered during reaction planning.

Atom Economy Example Calculations

• Provide example calculations for various chemical reactions, showcasing atom economy percentages.

Classification of Reactions

• Economic: Rearrangement reactions, addition reactions, Diels-Alder reactions.
• Uneconomic: Substitution reactions, elimination reactions.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Goals for international development.
• 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
• 2: End hunger, achieve food security.
• 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
• 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education.
• 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
• 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
• 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
• 8: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth.
• 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization.
• 10: Reduced inequalities within and among countries.
• 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient.