Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the key characteristic used to determine the type of bond based on electronegativity difference?
What is the key characteristic used to determine the type of bond based on electronegativity difference?
Character of the bond
Which type of bond produces OH- in aqueous solution?
Which type of bond produces OH- in aqueous solution?
Hard acids have a large size and high charge.
Hard acids have a large size and high charge.
True
Hard acids have _____ polarizing power and ____ polarizability compared to soft bases.
Hard acids have _____ polarizing power and ____ polarizability compared to soft bases.
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Match the following acids with their definitions:
Match the following acids with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Electronegativity and Bond Character
- Electronegativity (ΔEN) determines the character of a bond: covalent (ΔEN < 0.4), polar covalent (0.4 ≤ ΔEN ≤ 1.7), or ionic (ΔEN > 1.7)
- Polar covalent bonds have partial positive and partial negative charges
Acid and Base Definitions
Arrhenius Acid and Base
- Arrhenius acid: produces H+ in aqueous solution
- Arrhenius base: produces OH- in aqueous solution
Brønsted-Lowry Acid and Base
- Brønsted-Lowry acid: proton donor
- Brønsted-Lowry base: proton acceptor
Lewis Acid and Base
- Lewis acid: electron pair acceptor
- Lewis base: electron pair donor
Intermolecular Forces
- van der Waals forces: weak, exhibited by all molecules
- Dipole-dipole forces: moderate, exhibited by molecules with a net dipole
- Hydrogen bonding: strong, exhibited by molecules with O—H, N—H, or H—F bonds
- Ion-ion forces: very strong, exhibited by ionic compounds
Trends in Brønsted Acids
- Acidity increases with decreasing ionic radius of M and increasing charge of M
- Acidity increases with increasing electronegativity of E and number of oxo groups
Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB)
- Hard acids: highly polarizing, exhibit ionic character
- Soft acids: poorly polarizing, exhibit covalent character
- Hard bases: highly polarizable, exhibit ionic character
- Soft bases: poorly polarizable, exhibit covalent character
Anhydrous Oxides
- Nonmetal oxides: acidic in aqueous solution
- Metal oxides: basic in aqueous solution
- Metalloid oxides: amphoteric in aqueous solution
Fajan's Rules
- Summarize the factors affecting polarization in ionic and covalent bonds
Lewis Acids and Bases: HSAB Concept
- Hard acids and bases: exhibit ionic character, have small size and high charge
- Soft acids and bases: exhibit covalent character, have large size and low charge
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of electronegativity, acid-base definitions, and the characteristics of covalent and polar covalent bonds. Test your knowledge of Arrhenius acid and base definitions!
