Questions and Answers
What is the most water-soluble sugar that forms a disaccharide structure like sucrose?
D-glucose
Which sugar is used to form high-fructose corn syrup with glucose as monosaccharides?
D-glucose
What is the stabilizing factor of the hemiketal structure of fructose?
Internal hydrogen-bonding
In what form can the glucose molecule exist?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category do biologically important carbohydrates belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of glucose is naturally occurring while the other can be produced synthetically?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sugar is an aldohexose with six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group?
Signup and view all the answers
How are carbohydrates named based on their composition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the chemical composition of monosaccharides?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of functional groups do monosaccharides contain?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of projection is used to represent the pyranose ring structure of carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
In carbohydrate molecules, what results from the rotation of constituent groups about single bonds?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process involves monosaccharides joining together via a dehydration reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
In carbohydrate classification, what is the result of the combination of glucose and fructose via a dehydration reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bond formed between monosaccharides when glycosidic linkages are involved?
Signup and view all the answers
In carbohydrate hydrolysis, how are disaccharides broken down into monosaccharide components?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of carbohydrates are relatively low molecular weight polymers of monosaccharides?
Signup and view all the answers
In the linear form of a monosaccharide, which carbon atom is usually given the number 1?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of carbohydrates are unprocessed and contain natural fiber?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of energy for the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the stored form of glucose primarily found in the liver and muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component plays a role in promoting digestive health by forming a gel-like substance in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
When glucose from carbohydrates is insufficient, what can be broken down to generate energy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of carbohydrates have had their natural fiber removed or altered during processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptoms can deficiencies in the body cause?
Signup and view all the answers
What do receptors at the tip of the tongue bind to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of sweeteners provide no food energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What do molecular gastronomists use slow-releasing carbohydrates for?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are simple sugars used in food besides adding sweetness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is used to determine total carbohydrate content in food?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Carbohydrate Structure and Classification
- Glucose, a monosaccharide, can exist in open-chain (acyclic) or ring (cyclic) forms
- D-glucose is more important than L-glucose as biological systems have mechanisms to utilize D-glucose
- Fructose is an aldohexose with six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, its hemiketal structure is stabilized by internal hydrogen-bonding
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
- Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides join together via a dehydration reaction
- Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds formed when the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another
- Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose monomers combining via a dehydration reaction
Carbohydrate Functions and Effects
- Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body, fueling the brain, kidneys, muscles, and central nervous system
- Excess glucose can be stored for later use as glycogen, primarily found in the liver and muscle
- Carbohydrates help preserve muscle and promote digestive health through soluble fiber
Carbohydrates in Food
- Carbohydrates play a role in food as receptors located at the tip of the tongue bind to tiny bits of carbohydrates and send a "sweet" signal to the brain
- Different sugars vary in sweetness, with nutritive sweeteners providing flavor and energy, while alternative sweeteners provide no energy
- Carbohydrates are used as thickening agents, texture modifiers, and for browning in food
Analytical Methods for Carbohydrates in Food
- Total carbohydrate content in food is determined by subtracting the weight of other constituents (protein, fat, water, alcohol, ash) from the total weight of the food
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
