Chapter 25 Practice Questions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the percentage of body fluid?

  • Age
  • Gender (correct)
  • Amount of muscle tissue
  • Amount of adipose tissue

What is the approximate percentage of body fluid in infants?

  • Between 45% and 55%
  • Less than 45%
  • Between 65% and 75% (correct)
  • Between 55% and 65%

Which of the following body tissues has the highest percentage of water?

  • Nervous tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Skeletal muscle (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a specific extracellular fluid?

<p>Serous fluids within body cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, if you have an increase in muscle mass as a result of weight training, will your percentage of body fluid increase, decrease, or stay the same?

<p>Stay the same (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are more prevalent in the intracellular fluid according to the text?

<p>Potassium ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major distinction in the chemical composition of blood plasma and interstitial fluid according to the text?

<p>Blood plasma contains more proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you are dehydrated, is the net movement of fluid from the blood plasma into the cells or from the cells into the blood plasma according to the text?

<p>From the cells into the blood plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important electrolyte in determining blood plasma osmolarity and regulating fluid balance?

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is the most abundant in bone and teeth?

<p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

<p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Chloride (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three most important chemical buffering systems?

<p>Carbonic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the protein buffering system?

<p>To minimize pH changes throughout the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the weak base in the phosphate buffering system?

<p>Hydrogen phosphate (HPO42–) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of the buffering capacity?

<p>The amount of acid or base that the chemical buffering systems can buffer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about fluid sequestration?

<p>Total body fluid is normal and distributed abnormally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a relationship between blood volume, blood pressure, and blood plasma osmolarity?

<p>Fluid intake increases blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimuli activate the thirst center?

<p>Decreased blood volume and blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases urine output?

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary effect of angiotensin II?

<p>Increased fluid retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released from the posterior pituitary?

<p>By stimulation from angiotensin II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Decreased blood pressure, decreased urine production, increased fluid retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) differ from the effects of angiotensin II, ADH, and aldosterone?

<p>ANP decreases blood volume, while the others increase blood volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of respiratory acidosis?

<p>Decreased airflow due to bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for PCO2 in respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Below 35 mm Hg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of metabolic acidosis?

<p>Increased production of metabolic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?

<p>Above 22 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is particularly susceptible to metabolic acidosis?

<p>Infants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the percentage of body fluid?

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of body fluid in elderly individuals?

<p>60% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following body tissues has the highest percentage of water?

<p>Skeletal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

<p>Potassium (K+) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffering system mentioned in the text?

<p>Carbonic Acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the phosphate buffering system?

<p>To buffer metabolic acid produced by cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the weak acid in the protein buffering system?

<p>Carboxylic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important buffering system in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Bicarbonate buffering system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary effect of angiotensin II?

<p>Increased blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the protein buffering system?

<p>To regulate blood pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for PCO2 in respiratory alkalosis?

<p>20-30 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of body fluid in infants?

<p>85-90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of fluid imbalance occurs when isotonic fluid loss is greater than isotonic fluid gain?

<p>Volume depletion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for water gain or retention that is greater than solute gain or retention?

<p>Hypotonic hydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in regulating fluid output and is responsible for facultative water loss in the kidney nephrons?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of fluid imbalance occurs when water loss is greater than loss of solutes, resulting in water shifting from cells into interstitial fluid and blood plasma?

<p>Dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electrolytes is the most abundant in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Sodium ion (Na+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

<p>Potassium ion (K+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electrolytes is the most abundant in bone and teeth?

<p>Calcium ion (Ca2+) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of electrolyte imbalance?

<p>Hypernatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about electrolytes?

<p>Electrolytes conduct electrical current when dissolved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Sodium ion (Na+) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal concentration range of sodium ion (Na+) in the body?

<p>135-145 mEq/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones decreases urine output to increase blood volume and pressure?

<p>Angiotensin II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of respiratory acidosis?

<p>Increased breathing rate/depth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Severe anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis?

<p>Increased production of metabolic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is particularly susceptible to metabolic acidosis?

<p>Infants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important electrolyte in determining blood plasma osmolarity?

<p>Sodium (Na+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Severe anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gender and Body Fluid Percentage

The percentage of body fluid is not influenced by gender.

Body Fluid Percentage in Infants

Infants have a higher percentage of body fluid compared to adults, ranging from 65% to 75%.

Water Content in Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle, due to its high metabolic activity and cellular composition, has the highest percentage of water in the body.

What is NOT a Specific Extracellular Fluid?

Serous fluids within body cavities are not considered a specific extracellular fluid. Examples include pleural fluid around the lungs, pericardial fluid around the heart, and peritoneal fluid within the abdominal cavity.

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Body Fluid Percentage and Muscle Mass

An increase in muscle mass through weight training does not change the overall percentage of body fluid in the body.

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Ions in Intracellular Fluid

Potassium ions (K+) are more abundant in the intracellular fluid (ICF) than sodium ions (Na+).

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Blood Plasma vs. Interstitial Fluid

Blood plasma contains a higher concentration of proteins than interstitial fluid. This difference in protein content is the main distinction in their chemical composition.

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Fluid Movement During Dehydration

When dehydrated, the body draws water from the cells into the blood plasma to maintain blood volume and osmolarity.

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Sodium: The Key Electrolyte

Sodium, the most abundant electrolyte in ECF, plays a crucial role in determining blood plasma osmolarity and regulating fluid balance.

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Calcium's Role in Bone and Teeth

Calcium, despite its presence throughout the body, is the most abundant electrolyte in bone and teeth.

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Potassium: The Intracellular King

Potassium is the primary cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF), playing a key role in maintaining cell function.

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Chloride: The Extracellular Queen

Chloride is the most abundant anion found in the extracellular fluid (ECF), contributing to fluid balance and acid-base regulation.

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Chemical Buffering Systems

Carbonic acid is not one of the three most important chemical buffering systems in the body. The three major systems are bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein.

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Protein Buffering System

The protein buffering system works by minimizing changes in pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions (H+).

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Weak Base in Phosphate Buffering System

Hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) acts as the weak base in the phosphate buffering system, helping to neutralize excess acid.

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Limitations of Buffering Capacity

Buffering capacity is limited by the amount of acid or base that the chemical buffering systems can neutralize before they become overwhelmed.

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Fluid Sequestration

Fluid sequestration occurs when total body fluid remains normal but is distributed abnormally within the body.

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Fluid Intake and Blood Pressure

Increased fluid intake generally does not increase blood pressure. The relationship between fluid intake, blood pressure, and blood plasma osmolarity is complex and involves factors like sodium intake and vascular resistance.

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Stimuli for the Thirst Center

The thirst center is stimulated by decreased blood volume (hypovolemia) and decreased blood pressure (hypotension), prompting the urge to drink.

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ANP's Effect on Urine Output

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases urine output by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Primary Effect of Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II primarily increases fluid retention by promoting vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, and ADH release. This action helps maintain blood volume and pressure.

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ADH Release Mechanism

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released from the posterior pituitary, is stimulated by angiotensin II in response to low blood volume and pressure.

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Actions of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

The three actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are: decreased blood pressure, decreased urine production, and increased fluid retention. These actions contribute to fluid conservation.

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ANP vs. Other Hormones

ANP's effects differ from angiotensin II, ADH, and aldosterone by decreasing blood volume, while the others increase blood volume. This difference is crucial in regulating fluid balance.

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Respiratory Acidosis

Respiratory acidosis is a condition where the body's pH decreases due to a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. This can be caused by decreased airflow, such as in bronchitis.

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Respiratory Alkalosis

Respiratory alkalosis is a condition where the body's pH increases due to excessive elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2). This can be caused by hypoxia, leading to hyperventilation.

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PCO2 in Respiratory Alkalosis

The normal range for partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in respiratory alkalosis is below 35 mm Hg. This indicates a lower than normal level of CO2 in the blood.

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Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic acidosis is a condition where the body's pH decreases due to an increase in metabolic acids. This can be caused by increased production of metabolic acids, such as during exercise or illness.

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Bicarbonate Levels in Metabolic Acidosis

The normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3-) in metabolic acidosis is above 22 mEq/L. This indicates a higher than normal level of bicarbonate, as the body attempts to neutralize the excess acid.

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Metabolic Acidosis in Infants

Infants are particularly susceptible to metabolic acidosis due to their immature kidneys and higher metabolic rate. They may have difficulty eliminating excess acid from their bodies.

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Body Fluid Percentage in Elderly Individuals

The percentage of body fluid in elderly individuals is typically around 60%.

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