Checkpoint Inhibitors: Clinical Use and Adverse Effects
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Questions and Answers

Which immune checkpoint protein limits T-cell activation by outcompeting CD28 for binding to B7?

  • CTLA-4 (correct)
  • MHC
  • PD-1
  • CPK
  • What is the mechanism of action of ipilimumab in enhancing T-cell activation?

  • Augments PD-1 expression
  • Binds to CTLA-4 on APCs (correct)
  • Inhibits MHC presentation
  • Blocks PD-L1 interaction
  • Which protein does PD-L1 bind to on the surface of activated T cells?

  • MHC
  • PD-1 (correct)
  • CTLA-4
  • CD28
  • What adverse effects are associated with ipilimumab use?

    <p>Fatal immune-mediated adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune checkpoint inhibitor enhances T-cell priming through blocking of CTLA-4?

    <p>Ipilimumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do costimulatory signals play in activating T cells?

    <p>Enhancing T-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Everolimus?

    <p>Inhibition of VEGF and HIF-1 expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect of Everolimus that comes with a black box warning?

    <p>Myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cells is PI3Kδ highly expressed?

    <p>Malignant lymphoid B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Idelalisib act in malignant tumor cells?

    <p>Inhibits PI3Kδ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical use of Everolimus?

    <p>Renal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers develop treatments that inhibit PI3K?

    <p>To control uncontrolled cell growth in some cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect can be anticipatory, acute, or delayed in chemotherapy?

    <p>Nausea and Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Nivolumab?

    <p>Inhibits PD-1 pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer can be treated with Nivolumab?

    <p>Lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy drugs?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with Nivolumab and can include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does delayed vomiting typically occur after chemotherapy drug administration?

    <p>2-3 days later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of tumor lysis syndrome?

    <p>Hypouricemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help reduce the risk of tumor lysis syndrome?

    <p>Allopurinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom in a neutropenic patient with bacterial infection?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used for the management of febrile neutropenia by promoting neutrophil production?

    <p>Filgrastim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect may be seen after the infusion of biologic drugs like recombinant cytokines and antibodies?

    <p>Cytokine release syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormality is commonly associated with Tumor Lysis Syndrome?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are normal tissues with rapid proliferation, like bone marrow, hair follicles, and intestinal epithelium, susceptible to damage from cytotoxic drugs?

    <p>Because these tissues have a high percentage of proliferating cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is combination chemotherapy used in cancer treatment?

    <p>To enhance efficacy while minimizing dose-limiting toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it difficult to specifically target cancer cells?

    <p>Their altered nature similar to normal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do most cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic window?

    <p>To limit toxicity while maintaining effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using drugs that reverse or prevent toxicity to cancer chemotherapy drugs?

    <p>To minimize the risks of chemotherapy-induced toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cancers with a high percentage of proliferating cells most susceptible to chemotherapy?

    <p>Because their high rate of division makes them vulnerable to cytotoxic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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