310 Questions
Which group always carries a positive charge in an amino acid?
Amino group
What determines the type and nature of an amino acid?
The side chains
Which atom carries a proton in an amino acid?
Alpha carbon
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
Alpha carbon and rest group
Which group is charged in an amino acid?
Rest group
What can vary in an amino acid?
The side chains
What determines the nature of a protein?
The side chains
Which amino acid is made up of a simple side chain?
Glycin
What is the central atom in an amino acid called?
Alpha carbon
What does gluing amino acids together form?
Proteins
Which part of an amino acid determines its identity?
The side chain
What determines whether an amino acid is charged or non-charged?
The side chain
Which type of amino acid is not fond of water?
Non-charged apolar
Which type of amino acid likes water but is still non-charged?
Polar
Which type of amino acid has a negative charge in its side chain?
Acid-charged
Which type of amino acid is a zwitter ion?
Basic
What does the term 'zwitter' mean in German?
Both
What happens to the charges of the carboxyl and amino groups in an amino acid?
Carboxyl becomes positive, amino becomes negative
Do non-ionized amino acids exist?
No
What are the two major characteristics of amino acids?
Side chain and zwitter ions
Which part of an amino acid determines its charge in different environments?
The side chain
What happens to the charge of an amino acid in an acidic environment?
The charge becomes positive
What happens to the charge of an amino acid in a basic environment?
The charge becomes negative
What is the net charge of an amino acid in a basic environment?
Negative
What is the net charge of an amino acid in an acidic environment?
Positive
What happens to the charge of the carboxyl group in an amino acid in an acidic environment?
The charge becomes negative
What happens to the charge of the amino group in an amino acid in an acidic environment?
The charge becomes positive
What happens to the charge of the carboxyl group in an amino acid in a basic environment?
The charge becomes positive
What happens to the charge of the amino group in an amino acid in a basic environment?
The charge becomes negative
What can lead to denaturation of a protein?
Adding a huge amount of acid
Which type of environment is created in a protein when a lot of minor acids are added together?
Polar environment
In which domain of a protein is it advantageous to have a polar region?
Polar domain
What is the term used to describe the ability of an amino acid to dissolve in water?
Hydrophilicity
Is the apolarity of an amino acid stronger or weaker than its ability to dissolve in water?
Weaker
What is the term used to describe an amino acid with a non-polar side chain?
Non-polar amino acid
Which type of amino acid is less fond of water?
Non-polar amino acid
Which type of amino acid carries a positive charge in its side chain?
Charged amino acid
What happens to the charges of the carboxyl and amino groups in an amino acid?
They become neutral
What is the term used to describe an amino acid that has both positive and negative charges?
Zwitterion
What type of environment does a protein with a polar domain interact with?
Lipid environment
Which of the following best describes the isoelectric point (PI) of a molecule in a solution?
The pH at which a molecule has no net charge
What does the term 'zwitter ions' refer to in the context of amino acids?
Amino acids with an equal amount of positive and negative charges
Which of the following pH values is most likely to result in an equal amount of positive and negative charges for an amino acid with an acidic side chain?
pH 2.77
Which of the following pH values is most likely to result in an equal amount of positive and negative charges for an amino acid with a basic side chain?
pH 10.0
What is the main factor that determines whether an amino acid is charged or non-charged?
The pH of the solution
Which of the following best describes the solubility of polar amino acids in water?
Polar amino acids are highly soluble in water
What does the term 'isoelectric point' refer to in the context of proteins?
The pH at which a protein has no net charge
Which of the following best describes the distribution of charges in an amino acid at its isoelectric point?
An equal amount of positive and negative charges
Which of the following best describes the nature of a zwitter ion?
A zwitter ion is a molecule with an equal amount of positive and negative charges
Which of the following pH values is most likely to result in a net positive charge for an amino acid with a basic side chain?
pH 10.0
Which process involves reading the genetic code by nuclear ribosomes?
Transcription
Which organelle is responsible for reading the genetic code in translation?
Ribosomes
Which of the following is NOT involved in translation?
Polymerases
What is the function of ribosomes in translation?
To read the genetic code
Which term describes the process of rewriting DNA into messenger RNA?
Transcription
What is the name for the process of translating messenger RNA into proteins?
Translation
In prokaryotes, how are multiple genes translated at once?
Polycystronic
In eukaryotes, how are genes translated?
Monocystronic
Where does translation occur in prokaryotes?
Cytosol
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
Ribosomes
Which part of the DNA contains the protein coding sequence?
Exons
Where is the genetic code for amino acids located?
In the nucleus
Which molecule is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
mRNA
Where is mRNA produced?
In the nucleus
What is the process called when the genetic code in mRNA is used to build a protein?
Translation
Which part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What is the product of translation?
Protein
Which type of amino acids are important to know for studying proteins?
Polar and non-polar amino acids
Do you need to know all the structures and names of amino acids?
No, it is not necessary at this moment
What is the role of axons in protein synthesis?
They lead to the production of proteins
Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic translation?
Transport of mRNA out of the nucleus before translation
What is found at the 5'-end of the messenger RNA in eukaryotes?
Cap binding complexes
What surrounds the messenger RNA in eukaryotes?
Proteins
What is the function of cap binding complexes (CBC) in eukaryotic translation?
Binding to the 5'-end cap of the mRNA
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a component involved in eukaryotic translation?
Prokaryotes
What is the process called when messenger RNA is transported out of the nucleus in eukaryotes?
Export
What is the term used to describe the structure at the 5'-end of the messenger RNA in eukaryotes?
Cap
What is the role of poly-A binding proteins in eukaryotic translation?
Binding to the poly-A tail of the mRNA
What is the function of axon junction complexes in eukaryotic translation?
Formation of a complex at the axon junction
What is the function of SR proteins in eukaryotic translation?
Regulation of alternative splicing
Which molecule plays a key role in connecting messenger RNA and protein?
Transfer RNA
What shape does tRNA resemble?
Clover leaf
What is the function of the anti-codon in tRNA?
Binds to the amino acid
Where is the amino acid attached in tRNA?
Three-accent side
In which direction does the tRNA sequence start?
Clockwise
What is the main role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Carrying amino acids
What is the shape of tRNA that is mentioned in the text?
Clover leaf
What is the function of tRNA in the process of translation?
Carrying amino acids
Which side of tRNA is the amino acid attached to?
Three-accent side
What is the shape of tRNA described in the text?
Clover leaf
Which of the following is true about the genetic code?
It is universal
What is the function of the start codon in the genetic code?
It codes for methionine
How many stop codons are there in the genetic code?
Three
What is the term used to describe the reading of the genetic code like a zipper?
Non-overlapping
How many different amino acids are synthesized in our body?
20
What is the term used to describe the fact that several different triplets can code for a single amino acid?
Degenerative
What is the function of stop codons in the genetic code?
They code for the stop codon
What is the role of ribosomes in the genetic code?
They facilitate protein synthesis
What is the term used to describe the fact that the genetic code is read as triplets?
Triplet code
What is the term used to describe the fact that the genetic code is read consecutively, without skipping any nucleotides?
Universal
Which protein complexes are involved in splicing?
AJC protein complexes
What is the role of the poly-A tail and five-accent cap in mRNA?
Stabilizing mRNA
What happens when the nuclear export receptor interacts with the nuclear pore?
The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus
Which initiation factors bind to the five-accent cap?
Initiation factors 4G and 4E
What connects the three-accent tail with the five-accent cap in eukaryotes?
Poly-A tail
When does nonsense messenger RNA decay usually occur?
Before translation initiation
Which type of genes can code for multiple proteins in one mRNA molecule?
Prokaryotic genes
What is the term used to describe the coding and non-coding sequences in mRNA?
Coding sequence and non-coding sequence
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
What is the difference between polycistronic and monocistronic mRNA?
Polycistronic mRNA has multiple coding sequences, while monocistronic mRNA has one coding sequence
Which subunit is present in prokaryotic ribosomes during translation?
30S
Which subunit is present in eukaryotic ribosomes during translation?
60S
What type of RNA is required for translation?
mRNA
What is the role of elongation factors in translation?
Facilitating the movement of ribosomes along mRNA
What is the function of initiation factors in translation?
Initiation of translation
What molecule is responsible for carrying the amino acid during translation?
tRNA
Which molecule is responsible for attaching the amino acid to the tRNA?
tRNA synthetase
What molecule provides the energy for translation?
GTP
Which process is different in prokaryotic translation compared to eukaryotic translation?
Initiation
What is the function of the ribosomal subunits in translation?
Initiation of translation
Which of the following is the correct number of tRNAs required for the 61 different codons for amino acids?
20
What is the term used to describe the process of tRNA coupling with amino acids?
Bubble binding
Which nucleotide in the triplet at the triaxon side allows for the interaction between a G and a U in the tRNA recognition process?
G
What is the name of the enzymatic complex responsible for coupling amino acids to tRNA molecules?
Amino-acetyl transphorases
How many different amino-acetyl transphorases are there, corresponding to the 20 different amino acids?
20
Which molecule is required for coupling valine to a specific tRNA molecule?
ATP
What is the term used to describe the process of coupling amino acids to tRNA molecules?
Amino-acetyl coupling
What is the specific function of amino-acetyl transphorases?
Coupling amino acids to tRNA molecules
Which amino acid is used as an example to explain the coupling process with tRNA molecules?
Valine
What is the name of the tRNA molecule that specifically recognizes valine?
tRNA-Valine
What is the role of the wobble effect in translation?
It allows for recognition of different codons by the same tRNA molecule.
What is the function of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
It attaches an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
What is the significance of an inosine nucleoside in the anticodon of tRNA?
It allows for recognition of multiple codons by the same tRNA molecule.
What is the role of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex in translation?
It attaches an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
What is the significance of the CCA sequence at the 3' end of tRNA?
It serves as the site for amino acid attachment.
What is the function of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme?
It attaches an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
What is the role of the wobble pairing in translation?
It allows for recognition of different codons by the same tRNA molecule.
What is the significance of the inosine nucleoside in the anticodon of tRNA?
It allows for recognition of multiple codons by the same tRNA molecule.
What is the function of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex in translation?
It attaches an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
What is the significance of the CCA sequence at the 3' end of tRNA?
It serves as the site for amino acid attachment.
Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases in the translation process?
Initiation, termination, elongation
What is the name of the sequence that is recognized by the small ribosomal complex in prokaryotic translation?
Shine-Dalgano sequence
Which component of the ribosome recognizes the Shine-Dalgano sequence in the messenger RNA?
16S ribosomal RNA
What are the three different phases of the translation process?
Initiation, elongation, termination
What is the composition of ribosomes?
Ribosomal RNA and proteins
Which ribosomal complex recognizes the Shine-Dalgano sequence in prokaryotic translation?
30S
What is the name of the sequence that has been identified by Mr. Shine and Mr. Dalgano?
Shine-Dalgano sequence
What is the role of the 16S ribosomal RNA in prokaryotic translation?
It recognizes the Shine-Dalgano sequence
What is the name of the small ribosomal complex in prokaryotes?
30S
What are the players involved in the translation process?
Release factors and ribosomal recycling factors
Which of the following is true about the 70S initiation complex?
It is the complete ribosomal complex consisting of the large and small subunits
What is the role of initiation factors in translation?
To bind the ribosomal complex to the mRNA molecule
What is the function of the A site in the ribosomal complex?
Arrival
What is the specific feature of methionine in prokaryotes?
It is a bit changed with a formula group attached
Why are the ribosomal complexes specifically called 30S and 50S?
Based on the size determined by the Svetberg coefficient
What happens to GTP in the formation of the 70S initiation complex?
It is hydrolyzed into GDP
What is the role of the P site in the ribosomal complex?
Protein or peptide
What is the role of the E site in the ribosomal complex?
Exit
What is the function of the Shine-Dalgano sequence in translation?
To bind the ribosomal complex to the mRNA molecule
Where does the methionine bind in prokaryotes?
Before the 30S ribosomal complex
Which of the following is responsible for the enzymatic activity of gluing amino acids together in the ribosomal complex?
Ribosomal RNA
What is the name of the enzyme that performs the gluing of amino acids together in the ribosomal complex?
Peptidyl transferase
What is the function of the A site in the ribosomal complex during translation?
To hold the tRNA containing proline
What is the function of the P site in the ribosomal complex during translation?
To hold the amino acids
What is the function of the E site in the ribosomal complex during translation?
To hold the mRNA
What is the name of the specific tRNA that recognizes and binds to the amino acid proline?
Proline
What is the term used to describe the bond formed between two amino acids in the ribosomal complex?
Peptide bond
What is the role of the enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
To recognize and bind specific amino acids to tRNA molecules
What is the term used to describe the site in the ribosomal complex where translation occurs?
Ribosome
What is the term used to describe the process of adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation?
Translation
Which molecule is responsible for hydrolyzing GDP into GTP, providing the energy for translocation during translation?
Elongation factor g
What is the role of the ribosomal recycling factor in translation?
To release the release factor one
Which of the following is NOT a step in the initiation phase of translation?
Binding of the 50S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA
What happens to the uncharged initiation tRNA during translation?
It is released from the ribosomal complex
Which molecule is responsible for recognizing and binding to the stop codon during translation termination?
Release factor one
During translation, what is the function of the peptidyl RNA?
It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds.
What is the role of the peptidyl transferase enzyme during translation?
To form a peptide bond
What happens during the translocation phase of translation?
The ribosomal complex shifts three positions.
What is the role of the P side in the ribosomal complex?
It attaches the amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the ribosomal complex during translation?
Elongation factor g
What is the function of the A site in the ribosomal complex during translation?
To bind the second tRNA to the codon
What happens to the empty tRNA during translation?
It is released from the ribosomal complex.
What is the name of the process that adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?
Elongation
Which molecule provides the energy for hydrolyzing the GDP into GTP during translation?
Elongation factor g
What is the role of the release factor in translation termination?
To recognize and bind to the stop codon
What is the role of the stop codon in translation?
It signals the termination of translation.
What is the name of the phase where the translation process terminates?
Termination
What is the function of the stop codon in translation?
It signals the termination of translation.
What happens to the polypeptide chain once it is fully synthesized?
It is released from the ribosomal complex.
What is the name of the process that adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?
Elongation
Which site in the ribosome is responsible for the release of the uncharged tRNA molecule?
E-site
What usually happens to the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule after translation is completed?
It is degraded
What causes the tRNA molecule to leave the ribosome?
Electrostatic forces
What happens to the tRNA molecules after they leave the ribosome?
They are reused
What is the name of the bond between tRNA and an amino acid?
Peptide bond
What does the 'A' in the 'A-site' of the ribosome stand for?
Arrival
Are all proteins terminated with a methionine amino acid?
No
What is the correct sequence for the codon that codes for the amino acid proline?
CCG
Is pyridil transferase a protein?
No
What is the name of the bond between tRNA and a minor acid?
Ester bond
During translation, why does the start code for the minus it, but the stop codes don't?
The start code is needed to glue on the first minus it
How does the ribosomal complex move along the M-meshny RNA during elongation?
The ribosomal complex moves along the M-meshny RNA
How is the T-RNA being removed during translation?
It is released from the ribosome through conformational changes
What happens to a T-RNA that is not charged anymore during translation?
It remains in the A-site of the ribosome
What is the current understanding of the movement of the M-meshny RNA during translation?
It moves along with the ribosomal complex
What is the role of the start code in translation?
To provide a site for the first minus it to bind
What is the role of the stop codes in translation?
To indicate the completion of translation
What is the current understanding of the movement of the ribosomal complex along the M-meshny RNA during elongation?
The ribosomal complex moves along the M-meshny RNA
How does the ribosomal complex move along the M-meshny RNA during translation?
The ribosomal complex moves along the M-meshny RNA
What happens to the T-RNA during translation?
It is released from the ribosome through conformational changes
Which of the following is a difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation?
Eukaryotic translation does not have a Shine-Dalgano sequence.
What is the role of the Kozak sequence in eukaryotic translation?
It contains the AUG start codon.
What is the function of the initiation factors in eukaryotic translation?
They bind to the 5'-accent cap.
What is the composition of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic translation?
It is surrounded by poly-A binding protein complexes.
What happens when the initiation factors are bound to the 5'-accent cap in eukaryotic translation?
They form a loop with the poly-A tail.
What is the role of the poly-A binding protein complexes in eukaryotic translation?
They form a loop with the poly-A tail.
What is the function of the 5'-accent cap in eukaryotic translation?
It binds to the initiation factors.
What is the purpose of the looping between the 5'-accent cap and the poly-A tail in eukaryotic translation?
To facilitate translation initiation.
What is the role of the AUG start codon in eukaryotic translation?
It codes for the first amino acid.
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA molecules?
Eukaryotic mRNA contains a 5'-accent cap and poly-A tail.
What is the current understanding about the movement of the ribosomal complex along the mRNA during translation?
The ribosomal complex moves along the mRNA molecule
Why does the start codon have a different function compared to the stop codons during translation?
The start codon is necessary to attach the first amino acid to the growing protein chain
How is an uncharged tRNA molecule removed from the ribosome during translation?
It is released from the ribosome and exits the translation complex
What determines the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA during translation?
The translocation of the ribosomal complex along the mRNA
What is the role of the E-site in the ribosome during translation?
It is responsible for the release of the uncharged tRNA molecule
What is the current understanding about the movement of the ribosomal complex along the mRNA during translation?
The ribosomal complex moves along the mRNA molecule
What is the role of the start codon in translation?
To attach the first amino acid to the growing protein chain
What is the role of the stop codons in translation?
To signal the ribosome to release the completed protein
What is the current understanding about the movement of the ribosomal complex along the mRNA during translation?
The ribosomal complex moves along the mRNA molecule
How is an uncharged tRNA molecule removed from the ribosome during translation?
It is released from the ribosome and exits the translation complex
Which ribosomal subunit is present in eukaryotes during translation?
40S
What is the role of the initiation tRNA molecule in eukaryotic translation?
To interact with the AUG start codon
What is the size of the ribosomal complex formed by the small and large ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes?
80S
What is the function of the scanning process during translation in eukaryotes?
To find the AUG start codon
Which ribosomal subunit is larger in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?
60S
What is the role of the initiation factors in eukaryotic translation?
To initiate the scanning process
What is the size of the small ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes?
40S
What is the role of the 5' cap in eukaryotic translation?
To anchor the 40S ribosomal subunit
What is the role of the large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotic translation?
To catalyze peptide bond formation
What is the size of the large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes?
60S
What is the function of ribosomes in eukaryotes?
To synthesize all types of proteins
What is the purpose of polyribosomes in eukaryotes?
To increase the efficiency of protein synthesis
What is the significance of leaky scanning in eukaryotes?
It allows for the synthesis of multiple proteins from one gene
What is the difference between ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic ribosomes are floating in the cytosol
What type of proteins do ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?
Membrane attached proteins
What is the purpose of simultaneous translation in eukaryotes?
To increase the efficiency of protein synthesis
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?
To synthesize all types of proteins
What does leaky scanning refer to in eukaryotic translation?
The synthesis of multiple proteins from one gene
What is the purpose of monogestronic translation in eukaryotes?
To synthesize one gene at a time
What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotes?
To synthesize cytoplasmic proteins
Which complex is responsible for scanning the mRNA for the start codon in eukaryotes?
40S ribosome complex
What is the term used to describe the process of translating an mRNA molecule with a premature stop codon?
Nonsense mediated mRNA decay
Why does nonsense mediated mRNA decay exist?
To prevent translation of abnormal proteins
What happens if an mRNA molecule undergoes abnormal splicing and contains a premature stop codon?
The mRNA is degraded
What is the role of the splicing complexes in eukaryotes?
To remove introns from mRNA
What is the consequence of abnormal splicing in mRNA molecules?
The production of incorrect proteins
What is the function of the start codon in the genetic code?
To initiate translation
What is the consequence of a premature stop codon in an mRNA molecule?
The production of a truncated protein
What is the term used to describe the process of removing introns from mRNA?
Splicing
Why is it important to prevent the translation of abnormal proteins?
Abnormal proteins can disrupt cellular processes
What is the function of UPF proteins in translation?
They recognize premature stop codons and degrade the Mestinia RNA.
How do microRNAs regulate translation in eukaryotes?
They can interfere with the looping of messenger RNA, inhibiting translation initiation.
What is the purpose of sequestration bodies in the cell?
To store messenger RNA molecules for rapid translation.
What is the role of the poly-A tail on messenger RNA?
It enhances the binding of ribosomal complexes to messenger RNA.
How do microRNAs inhibit the ribosomal complex during translation?
They bind to the poly-A tail and prevent the looping of messenger RNA.
What happens when the poly-A tail on messenger RNA is de-adenylated?
The looping of messenger RNA is disrupted, leading to a halt in translation initiation.
What is the main function of microRNAs in translation?
To regulate the translation process by inhibiting initiation or degradation.
Why is sequestration of messenger RNA molecules important in the cell?
It allows for rapid translation of stored messenger RNA molecules.
What is the effect of microRNAs on the translation process?
They can inhibit the initiation and progress of translation.
What is the significance of premature stop codon recognition by UPF proteins?
It prevents the formation of incorrect proteins by degrading the Mestinia RNA.
Which part of the mRNA molecule is the 5'-cent cap located?
At the 5'-cent side
What is the function of the 5'-cent cap in mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the role of the rough ER in protein synthesis?
To translate mRNA into protein
What is the difference between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have ribosomes in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes have ribosomes on the rough ER
What will be discussed in the second part of the lecture?
All of the above
What is the role of tRNA during translation?
To carry amino acids to the ribosomes
What is the function of the 3'-cent poly-A tail in mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the significance of the 5'-cent cap and the 3'-cent poly-A tail in mRNA?
They protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the function of the stop codon in translation?
To signal the end of protein synthesis
What is the function of the start codon in translation?
To initiate translation
What is the approximate number of different proteins that can be produced from the 23,000 protein coding genes in human beings?
1 million
What is the role of eukaryotic RNA in the production of different proteins?
Monitoring protein production
How can different proteins be produced from a single messenger RNA molecule?
By scanning the messenger RNA sequence
How do the functions of proteins depend on their folding?
Proteins with different folding always have different functions
What is the purpose of microRNAs in the storage of messenger RNA molecules?
To bring the messenger RNA to the ribosome complex
Where does the ribosome first attach during eukaryotic translation?
To the 5' accent cap
What is the function of EF4F in translation?
To anchor the ribosomal subunit
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation?
Eukaryotic mRNA is translated by multiple ribosomes
How is collision prevented when multiple ribosomes are working on the same RNA?
The ribosomes move at the same pace
Is the presence of a stop codon always a mistake in mRNA splicing?
It depends on the context
Which process is involved in the regulation of translation by microRNAs?
Attachment to messenger RNA
What happens when there is no polyethyl present during translation?
Translation is stopped
Where can messenger RNA molecules be stored in the cell?
Sacrosanation bodies
What is the term used to describe the regulation of translation by microRNAs?
Translational regulation
When does translation stop?
When there is no polyethyl
What is the function of microRNAs in translation?
Regulation of translation
What is the role of the 5'-end cap in eukaryotic translation?
Protection of mRNA
What is the final part of the translation process involving microRNAs?
Attachment to sacrosanation bodies
What is the effect of microRNAs on messenger RNA molecules?
Degradation
What is the role of polyadenylation in translation?
None of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic transcription?
Direct translation occurs while transcription is still going on.
What is the difference between leaky scanning and polycistronic?
Leaky scanning occurs on one gene, while polycistronic involves different genes.
What is the function of microRNAs in translation?
They prevent looping of the mRNA.
What is the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic translation?
They are responsible for direct translation.
What is the consequence of abnormal splicing in mRNA molecules?
Proteins cannot be properly folded.
What is the function of the poly-A binding protein complexes in eukaryotic translation?
They bind to the poly-A tail and enhance translation.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation?
Prokaryotic translation involves polycistronic genes, while eukaryotic translation involves monocistronic genes.
What is the function of the start codon in translation?
It initiates translation.
What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
It carries amino acids to the ribosomal complex.
How are multiple genes translated at once in prokaryotes?
They are translated in a polycistronic manner.
Understanding Charge Distribution in Organic Molecules: Test your knowledge on the charges carried by minor groups and carboxyled groups in organic molecules, and how different rest groups can impact the overall charge of a minor asset.
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