25 Questions
What is the process by which a double-strand break is restored?
Nonhomologous end joining
What type of transposons move by replicating themselves?
Some DNA-only transposons
What is the main function of the 'transposase' in a transposon?
To cause the transposon to insert into a new DNA
What is the role of DNA-only transposons in bacteria?
To cause the spread of antibiotic resistance
What is the main difference between retroviral-like retrotransposons and retroviruses?
Retroviral-like retrotransposons cannot move from cell to cell
What is the percentage of the human genome composed of nonretroviral retrotransposons?
A large fraction
What would occur if DNA damage is not repaired?
DNA sequences would rapidly change
How do DNA-only transposons move by a cut-and-paste mechanism?
By duplicating themselves at the insertion site
What is the function of transposons in some vertebrates?
To develop the immune system
What type of DNA damage occurs due to exposure to UV light?
Pyrimidine dimer
Which type of organism is more prone to mutations due to DNA damage?
Organisms with single-strand DNA
What is the result of a double-strand break in DNA?
The breakdown of chromosomes into small fragments
What is the role of the complementary strand in DNA repair?
It remains intact and restores the correct nucleotide
What is the result of uncleared thymine dimers?
The deletion of one of the base pairs
What is the term for the addition of a methyl or ethyl group to DNA?
Alkylation
What is the effect of DNA damage on the cell cycle?
It delays the progression of the cell cycle
What is the primary mechanism of movement for DNA-only transposons?
Replicating and moving to a new position
Which type of RNA virus does not require a primer to make a complementary RNA copy?
SARS-CoV-2
What is the direction of synthesis for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA?
3'-to-5'
What is the role of the replicase complex in SARS-CoV-2?
Replication of viral RNA
What is the characteristic of retroviral-like retrotransposons?
Cannot move from cell to cell
What is the main difference between retroviral-like retrotransposons and retroviruses?
The ability to move from cell to cell
What is the characteristic of nonretroviral retrotransposons?
Make up a large fraction of the human genome
What are the two main subclasses of nonretroviral retrotransposons?
LINEs and SINEs
What is the enzyme encoded by the mRNA of retroviral-like retrotransposons?
Reverse transcriptase and integrase
Test your understanding of DNA repair mechanisms, including endogenous and exogenous factors, and how DNA damage is removed through multiple pathways. Learn about the importance of DNA repair in maintaining DNA sequence integrity and its impact on the cell cycle.
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