Chapter 4: Connecting to the Internet

Study Notes

The Internet is a global network linking millions of entities including businesses, governments, and individuals.
It enables unprecedented global communication and information sharing, facilitating connectivity and collaboration.
Originated as ARPANET in September 1969, aimed to connect scientists and ensure functionality despite potential network failures.
By 1984, ARPANET linked over 1,000 individual computers, evolving into the vast Internet known today.

Internet connectivity can be achieved through various methods:
- Wired Connections
- Wireless Connections

Ethernet Cables
- Utilize twisted pairs of wires to transmit data, offering reliable and low-latency connections.
- Common types: CAT5, CAT6, and CAT7 with increasing speeds and bandwidth.
- Ideal for high-demand activities such as online gaming and streaming.
Fiber Optic Connections
- Employ thin strands of glass that transmit data as pulses of light, enabling very high speeds and low latency.
- Gaining popularity for both home and business use due to stability over long distances.
Setting Up Wired Connections
- Connect an Ethernet cable from the modem to the router, then from the router to the device.
- Most devices automatically configure network settings for easy setup.

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
- Utilizes radio waves for device connectivity, becoming the most common method for home use.
- Different standards (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax) provide increasing speeds and range, facilitating high-speed internet and wireless networking.
Mobile Data (3G, 4G, 5G)
- Connects devices to the internet through cellular networks.
- 3G offers basic speeds; 4G supports streaming and gaming, while 5G offers very high speeds and low latency, enabling advanced applications.
Satellite Internet
- Provides internet access via satellites orbiting the Earth, useful for remote areas.
- Typically has higher latency compared to other options due to the distance signals must travel.

Modems
- Serve as a bridge between the Internet Service Provider (ISP) and home network, converting signals for device use.
- Commonly provided by the ISP and directly connected to the internet.
Routers
- Create and manage a local network within a home, allowing multiple devices to share an internet connection.
- Ensure smooth communication between devices and the internet.
Network Interface Cards (NICs)
- Necessary for device connectivity to a network; most modern devices come with built-in NICs for wired and wireless connections.
- External NICs, like USB adapters, are available for additional connectivity options.