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Questions and Answers
What are the three basic types of blood vessels?
What are the three basic types of blood vessels?
Capillaries, Arteries, Veins
Which category includes the smallest blood vessels?
Which category includes the smallest blood vessels?
Capillaries
The smallest of the resistance arteries are called _____________
The smallest of the resistance arteries are called _____________
Arterioles
Arrange the three classes of arteries in order from largest to smallest.
Arrange the three classes of arteries in order from largest to smallest.
The movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via ____________
The movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via ____________
Which of the following are types of capillaries?
Which of the following are types of capillaries?
Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
What are the tunics of arteries and veins, starting from the innermost layer?
What are the tunics of arteries and veins, starting from the innermost layer?
Match each type of capillary to its most likely location:
Match each type of capillary to its most likely location:
Why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?
Why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?
The capillary wall consists of which of the following layers?
The capillary wall consists of which of the following layers?
Which of the three primary categories of blood vessels carries blood back to the heart?
Which of the three primary categories of blood vessels carries blood back to the heart?
A capillary bed is an organized network of:
A capillary bed is an organized network of:
Fluid exchange mainly occurs in which of the following?
Fluid exchange mainly occurs in which of the following?
Postcapillary ____________ are the smallest of veins.
Postcapillary ____________ are the smallest of veins.
List the following vessels in order of those that have the highest blood pressure to those that have the lowest blood pressure.
List the following vessels in order of those that have the highest blood pressure to those that have the lowest blood pressure.
Which of these is a vein?
Which of these is a vein?
Which of the following are functions of the endothelium?
Which of the following are functions of the endothelium?
Match each hormone to its description:
Match each hormone to its description:
Which of the following are possible consequences of edema?
Which of the following are possible consequences of edema?
A __________ is an autonomic, negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure.
A __________ is an autonomic, negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure.
Name the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply.
Name the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply.
The term microvasculature (or microcirculation) refers to which of the following?
The term microvasculature (or microcirculation) refers to which of the following?
Large molecules, such as clotting proteins, enter the blood through which of the following?
Large molecules, such as clotting proteins, enter the blood through which of the following?
The physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called ______________ pressure.
The physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called ______________ pressure.
Rank the types of veins from smallest to largest:
Rank the types of veins from smallest to largest:
A weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel is known as a(n):
A weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel is known as a(n):
Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure to regulate what?
Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure to regulate what?
Match each type of shock to its possible cause:
Match each type of shock to its possible cause:
A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as:
A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as:
Chemicals given off by systemic capillary blood often include which of the following?
Chemicals given off by systemic capillary blood often include which of the following?
In arteries and veins, the outermost layer of the vessel wall is called the tunica ____________.
In arteries and veins, the outermost layer of the vessel wall is called the tunica ____________.
Peripheral resistance is directly affected by which of the following?
Peripheral resistance is directly affected by which of the following?
All of these will easily diffuse through the plasma membrane:
All of these will easily diffuse through the plasma membrane:
The basal lamina surrounds which type of cells?
The basal lamina surrounds which type of cells?
Which term refers to the autonomic feedback response to changes in blood chemistry?
Which term refers to the autonomic feedback response to changes in blood chemistry?
Venous return (the flow of blood back to the heart) is achieved by which of the following mechanisms?
Venous return (the flow of blood back to the heart) is achieved by which of the following mechanisms?
In arteries and veins, the tunica ___________ is usually the thickest layer of the vessel wall.
In arteries and veins, the tunica ___________ is usually the thickest layer of the vessel wall.
Diastolic pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during which of the following?
Diastolic pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during which of the following?
Identify the tissues that comprise the capillary endothelium:
Identify the tissues that comprise the capillary endothelium:
___________ venules receive blood from capillaries.
___________ venules receive blood from capillaries.
Aldosterone leads to decreased blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and thus water by the kidneys.
Aldosterone leads to decreased blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and thus water by the kidneys.
Why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity?
Why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity?
Capillary exchange is a two-way movement of fluids and substances.
Capillary exchange is a two-way movement of fluids and substances.
Vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica ___________.
Vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica ___________.
The nucleus in the medulla oblongata that transmits efferent signals to the blood vessels and regulates vasomotion is known as the _______________ center.
The nucleus in the medulla oblongata that transmits efferent signals to the blood vessels and regulates vasomotion is known as the _______________ center.
Which of the following are functions of vasoreflexes?
Which of the following are functions of vasoreflexes?
Which type of venule receives blood from the postcapillary venule?
Which type of venule receives blood from the postcapillary venule?
_______________ is a process where endothelial cells pick up material by pinocytosis, transport it, and discharge it by exocytosis.
_______________ is a process where endothelial cells pick up material by pinocytosis, transport it, and discharge it by exocytosis.
Edema may be caused by which of the following?
Edema may be caused by which of the following?
Widening of vessels is known as:
Widening of vessels is known as:
_______________ are the type of blood vessel that links arterioles to capillaries.
_______________ are the type of blood vessel that links arterioles to capillaries.
Growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls resulting in an increase in blood pressure can be described as which of the following?
Growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls resulting in an increase in blood pressure can be described as which of the following?
A patient with a blood pressure reading of 110/80 has:
A patient with a blood pressure reading of 110/80 has:
The growth of new blood vessels is called:
The growth of new blood vessels is called:
A thrombosis will induce _____________ in the tissues that the vessel supplies.
A thrombosis will induce _____________ in the tissues that the vessel supplies.
High blood pressure is known as ________________.
High blood pressure is known as ________________.
Which of the following are examples of conducting arteries?
Which of the following are examples of conducting arteries?
Regarding vessel diameter, widespread _______________ raises blood pressure, while widespread ________________ lowers it.
Regarding vessel diameter, widespread _______________ raises blood pressure, while widespread ________________ lowers it.
Low blood pressure is known as:
Low blood pressure is known as:
All forms of circulatory shock fall into two categories:
All forms of circulatory shock fall into two categories:
Hemodynamics are based mainly on:
Hemodynamics are based mainly on:
During exercise, blood flow to muscles is rapidly increased by which of the following methods?
During exercise, blood flow to muscles is rapidly increased by which of the following methods?
An anatomical convergence where two blood vessels merge is known as a(n):
An anatomical convergence where two blood vessels merge is known as a(n):
Which of the following are regarded as capacitance vessels?
Which of the following are regarded as capacitance vessels?
What is hypercapnia?
What is hypercapnia?
Veins have ___________ that ensure the one-way flow of blood.
Veins have ___________ that ensure the one-way flow of blood.
In the coronary blood vessels, ______________ and ____________ bind to Beta-adrenergic receptors and cause vasodilation.
In the coronary blood vessels, ______________ and ____________ bind to Beta-adrenergic receptors and cause vasodilation.
__________ is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall.
__________ is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall.
An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is a(n):
An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is a(n):
Venous return refers to the flow of blood back to the:
Venous return refers to the flow of blood back to the:
What are the sympathetic responses to a drop in perfusion to the brain?
What are the sympathetic responses to a drop in perfusion to the brain?
______________ arteries deliver blood to specific organs.
______________ arteries deliver blood to specific organs.
Lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid-insoluble substances must use channel proteins.
Lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid-insoluble substances must use channel proteins.
Blood flow is fastest in which of these blood vessels?
Blood flow is fastest in which of these blood vessels?
The accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue is called __________.
The accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue is called __________.
Identify which of the following blood vessels are distributing (muscular, or medium) arteries.
Identify which of the following blood vessels are distributing (muscular, or medium) arteries.
Name the forces that oppose hydrostatic pressure along with the capillary and interstitial pressures:
Name the forces that oppose hydrostatic pressure along with the capillary and interstitial pressures:
A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as ______________.
A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as ______________.
Changes in the diameter of a blood vessel are collectively known as which of the following?
Changes in the diameter of a blood vessel are collectively known as which of the following?
Which of the following are vasoactive chemicals?
Which of the following are vasoactive chemicals?
Blood pressure is determined by which of the three variables?
Blood pressure is determined by which of the three variables?
______________ contribute to vessel growth and repair by retaining the ability to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
______________ contribute to vessel growth and repair by retaining the ability to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
The difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid, favoring fluid absorption by the blood capillaries is known as _____________ pressure.
The difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid, favoring fluid absorption by the blood capillaries is known as _____________ pressure.
Hypotension may be caused by which of the following factors?
Hypotension may be caused by which of the following factors?
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Study Notes
Types of Blood Vessels
- Blood vessels consist of three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and facilitate nutrient and gas exchange.
- Arterioles are the smallest resistance arteries.
Structure of Blood Vessels
- Arteries can be classified as conducting (elastic/large), distributing (muscular/medium), and resistance (small) arteries.
- Blood vessel walls comprise three layers, known as tunics:
- Tunica interna (innermost layer)
- Tunica media (middle layer, usually the thickest)
- Tunica externa (outermost layer)
Capillary Function and Types
- Capillaries are known as exchange vessels where most exchanges occur between blood and tissues.
- Types of capillaries include:
- Continuous: Found in most tissues including skeletal muscle.
- Fenestrated: Located in organs engaged in rapid absorption/filtration like the kidneys and intestines.
- Sinusoids: Found in the liver and spleen, allowing large proteins and cells to pass.
Blood Flow Dynamics
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins return blood to the heart.
- Blood pressure varies across different vessels, highest in the aorta and decreasing through each vessel type down to the venae cava.
- Venous return mechanisms include pressure gradients, gravity, the skeletal muscle pump, and the thoracic pump.
Regulatory Mechanisms
- Baroreflex is an autonomic negative feedback response to blood pressure changes.
- Autoregulation allows tissues to adjust their blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis.
- Hormones involved in blood pressure regulation include:
- Angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.
- Aldosterone: promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood pressure.
- Natriuretic peptides: antagonize aldosterone, reducing blood volume and pressure.
Vascular Health and Disorders
- Edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues, which can result from increased filtration, reduced reabsorption, or obstructed lymphatic drainage.
- Aneurysms are weak points in blood vessel walls that pose hemorrhage risks.
- Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid deposits in arterial walls, leading to increased blood pressure.
Responses to Physiological Changes
- Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure, while vasodilation lowers it.
- Conducting arteries maintain elasticity for pressure stability, allowing continued blood flow during diastole.
- Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in the blood and are involved in regulating various physiological processes.
Special Features of Blood Vessels
- Venous valves present in veins ensure unidirectional blood flow.
- Transcytosis is the process allowing molecules to cross endothelial cells by vesicular transport.
- Pericytes support vessel growth and repair by differentiating into smooth muscle and endothelial cells.
Impact of Exercise
- During exercise, blood flow to muscles increases primarily via vasodilation.
- Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance to flow.
Pressure Dynamics
- Hydrostatic pressure is the physical force exerted by blood against vessel walls.
- Colloid osmotic pressure opposes hydrostatic pressure, aiding fluid absorption in capillaries.
- Oncotic pressure is the difference favoring absorption by blood capillaries.
Variations in Blood Pressure
- Normal blood pressure is typically around 110/80 mmHg.
- Hypertension is high blood pressure, while hypotension is classified as low blood pressure.
Additional Concepts
- Anastomosis refers to the convergence of two blood vessels, merging their bloodstreams.
- Blood flow is fastest in the aorta, and the difference in blood vessel diameters influences overall circulation dynamics.
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