Chapter 20 - The Circulatory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the three basic types of blood vessels?

Capillaries, Arteries, Veins

Which category includes the smallest blood vessels?

Capillaries

The smallest of the resistance arteries are called _____________

Arterioles

Arrange the three classes of arteries in order from largest to smallest.

<p>Conducting (elastic/large), Disturbing (muscular/medium), Resistance (small)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via ____________

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of capillaries?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

<p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the tunics of arteries and veins, starting from the innermost layer?

<p>Tunica interna (tunica intima), Tunica media, Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of capillary to its most likely location:

<p>Continuous Capillaries = Occur in most tissues, such as skeletal muscles Fenestrated Capillaries = Important in organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries) = Areas where large proteins and cells need to enter or leave the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Most exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs across capillary walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

The capillary wall consists of which of the following layers?

<p>Endothelium, Basal lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the three primary categories of blood vessels carries blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

A capillary bed is an organized network of:

<p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluid exchange mainly occurs in which of the following?

<p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postcapillary ____________ are the smallest of veins.

<p>venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the following vessels in order of those that have the highest blood pressure to those that have the lowest blood pressure.

<p>Aorta, Large arteries, Small arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Small veins, Large veins, Venae cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a vein?

<p>Veins have larger diameter and a thinner wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are functions of the endothelium?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each hormone to its description:

<p>Angiotensin II = A potent vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure Aldosterone = Salt-retaining hormone that promotes Na⁺ retention Natriuretic peptides = Hormones that antagonize aldosterone and reduce blood volume Antidiuretic hormone = Promotes water retention and acts as a vasoconstrictor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are possible consequences of edema?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is an autonomic, negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure.

<p>baroreflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply.

<p>autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term microvasculature (or microcirculation) refers to which of the following?

<p>Arterioles, Capillaries, and Venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large molecules, such as clotting proteins, enter the blood through which of the following?

<p>Sinusoids (discontinuous) capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called ______________ pressure.

<p>Hydrostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rank the types of veins from smallest to largest:

<p>Postcapillary venules, Muscular venules, Medium veins, Venous sinuses, Large veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

A weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel is known as a(n):

<p>aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure to regulate what?

<p>heartbeat, blood vessel diameters, and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of shock to its possible cause:

<p>Hypovolemic shock = Produced by a loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or dehydration Obstructed venous return shock = Occurs when a vein is compressed, impeding blood flow Neurogenic shock = Results from a loss of vasomotor tone, allowing vessels to dilate Septic shock = Occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as:

<p>filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals given off by systemic capillary blood often include which of the following?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

In arteries and veins, the outermost layer of the vessel wall is called the tunica ____________.

<p>externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral resistance is directly affected by which of the following?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of these will easily diffuse through the plasma membrane:

<p>Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basal lamina surrounds which type of cells?

<p>endothelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the autonomic feedback response to changes in blood chemistry?

<p>chemoreflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Venous return (the flow of blood back to the heart) is achieved by which of the following mechanisms?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

In arteries and veins, the tunica ___________ is usually the thickest layer of the vessel wall.

<p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diastolic pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during which of the following?

<p>ventricular relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the tissues that comprise the capillary endothelium:

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ venules receive blood from capillaries.

<p>postcapillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone leads to decreased blood pressure by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and thus water by the kidneys.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity?

<p>Their recoil helps maintain blood pressure between heartbeats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Capillary exchange is a two-way movement of fluids and substances.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica ___________.

<p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus in the medulla oblongata that transmits efferent signals to the blood vessels and regulates vasomotion is known as the _______________ center.

<p>vasomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are functions of vasoreflexes?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of venule receives blood from the postcapillary venule?

<p>Muscular venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______________ is a process where endothelial cells pick up material by pinocytosis, transport it, and discharge it by exocytosis.

<p>Transcytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edema may be caused by which of the following?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Widening of vessels is known as:

<p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______________ are the type of blood vessel that links arterioles to capillaries.

<p>metarterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls resulting in an increase in blood pressure can be described as which of the following?

<p>atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a blood pressure reading of 110/80 has:

<p>normal BP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The growth of new blood vessels is called:

<p>angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A thrombosis will induce _____________ in the tissues that the vessel supplies.

<p>ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

High blood pressure is known as ________________.

<p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of conducting arteries?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding vessel diameter, widespread _______________ raises blood pressure, while widespread ________________ lowers it.

<p>vasoconstriction, vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low blood pressure is known as:

<p>hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

All forms of circulatory shock fall into two categories:

<p>Cardiogenic shock and low venous return (LVR) shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemodynamics are based mainly on:

<p>pressure and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, blood flow to muscles is rapidly increased by which of the following methods?

<p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

An anatomical convergence where two blood vessels merge is known as a(n):

<p>anastomosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are regarded as capacitance vessels?

<p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypercapnia?

<p>An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Veins have ___________ that ensure the one-way flow of blood.

<p>venous valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the coronary blood vessels, ______________ and ____________ bind to Beta-adrenergic receptors and cause vasodilation.

<p>norepinephrine, epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall.

<p>Blood Pressure (BP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is a(n):

<p>chemoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Venous return refers to the flow of blood back to the:

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sympathetic responses to a drop in perfusion to the brain?

<p>Increased heart rate, Increased contractility force, Vasoconstriction of arteries except those supplying the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

______________ arteries deliver blood to specific organs.

<p>Distributing (muscular or medium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid-insoluble substances must use channel proteins.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood flow is fastest in which of these blood vessels?

<p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

The accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue is called __________.

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify which of the following blood vessels are distributing (muscular, or medium) arteries.

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the forces that oppose hydrostatic pressure along with the capillary and interstitial pressures:

<p>Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as ______________.

<p>filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in the diameter of a blood vessel are collectively known as which of the following?

<p>Vasoreflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are vasoactive chemicals?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure is determined by which of the three variables?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

______________ contribute to vessel growth and repair by retaining the ability to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

<p>Pericytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid, favoring fluid absorption by the blood capillaries is known as _____________ pressure.

<p>oncotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypotension may be caused by which of the following factors?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Blood Vessels

  • Blood vessels consist of three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and facilitate nutrient and gas exchange.
  • Arterioles are the smallest resistance arteries.

Structure of Blood Vessels

  • Arteries can be classified as conducting (elastic/large), distributing (muscular/medium), and resistance (small) arteries.
  • Blood vessel walls comprise three layers, known as tunics:
    • Tunica interna (innermost layer)
    • Tunica media (middle layer, usually the thickest)
    • Tunica externa (outermost layer)

Capillary Function and Types

  • Capillaries are known as exchange vessels where most exchanges occur between blood and tissues.
  • Types of capillaries include:
    • Continuous: Found in most tissues including skeletal muscle.
    • Fenestrated: Located in organs engaged in rapid absorption/filtration like the kidneys and intestines.
    • Sinusoids: Found in the liver and spleen, allowing large proteins and cells to pass.

Blood Flow Dynamics

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins return blood to the heart.
  • Blood pressure varies across different vessels, highest in the aorta and decreasing through each vessel type down to the venae cava.
  • Venous return mechanisms include pressure gradients, gravity, the skeletal muscle pump, and the thoracic pump.

Regulatory Mechanisms

  • Baroreflex is an autonomic negative feedback response to blood pressure changes.
  • Autoregulation allows tissues to adjust their blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis.
  • Hormones involved in blood pressure regulation include:
    • Angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.
    • Aldosterone: promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood pressure.
    • Natriuretic peptides: antagonize aldosterone, reducing blood volume and pressure.

Vascular Health and Disorders

  • Edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues, which can result from increased filtration, reduced reabsorption, or obstructed lymphatic drainage.
  • Aneurysms are weak points in blood vessel walls that pose hemorrhage risks.
  • Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid deposits in arterial walls, leading to increased blood pressure.

Responses to Physiological Changes

  • Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure, while vasodilation lowers it.
  • Conducting arteries maintain elasticity for pressure stability, allowing continued blood flow during diastole.
  • Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in the blood and are involved in regulating various physiological processes.

Special Features of Blood Vessels

  • Venous valves present in veins ensure unidirectional blood flow.
  • Transcytosis is the process allowing molecules to cross endothelial cells by vesicular transport.
  • Pericytes support vessel growth and repair by differentiating into smooth muscle and endothelial cells.

Impact of Exercise

  • During exercise, blood flow to muscles increases primarily via vasodilation.
  • Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance to flow.

Pressure Dynamics

  • Hydrostatic pressure is the physical force exerted by blood against vessel walls.
  • Colloid osmotic pressure opposes hydrostatic pressure, aiding fluid absorption in capillaries.
  • Oncotic pressure is the difference favoring absorption by blood capillaries.

Variations in Blood Pressure

  • Normal blood pressure is typically around 110/80 mmHg.
  • Hypertension is high blood pressure, while hypotension is classified as low blood pressure.

Additional Concepts

  • Anastomosis refers to the convergence of two blood vessels, merging their bloodstreams.
  • Blood flow is fastest in the aorta, and the difference in blood vessel diameters influences overall circulation dynamics.

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Description

Dive into the world of blood vessels and circulation with this quiz based on Chapter 20 of your textbook. Test your knowledge on capillaries, arteries, and veins, and understand their roles in the circulatory system. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cardiovascular anatomy.

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